نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
عنوان مقاله English
نویسندگان English
Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), with an average production of 439 kg.ha-1, is one of the most important pulses that holds a special place in rain-fed conservation farming systems in Kermanshah, Kordestan and Lorestan provinces of Iran. Recently, it covers 6.9% of the cultivated land area for agricultural products and accounts for 5.3% of the total rain-fed crop production, placing it fourth in rank. High distance between global mean of grain yield (1038 kg.ha-1) and Iran (439 kg.ha-1) is significant and weeds are the most important limiting factors in chickpea production systems in Iran, and due to the limited registered herbicides, increasing row spacing and using non-selective herbicides by shielded sprayers is one of the other ways for application of these herbicides in chickpea farming. Optimizing chickpea row-spacing and the application possibility of non-selective herbicides in chickpea was our objective in this experiment.
Materials and Methods
In order to study planting pattern and chemical control effects on weed population and yield of rain-fed chickpea farming, two experiments conducted. Field experiments were conducted in East Azerbaijan and Hamadan provinces and greenhouse experiment was in Alborz province of Iran in 2021-2022. The field and greenhouse experiments were conducted as completely randomized block design and a completely randomized design with four replications, respectively. In field experiment, two intra-rows spacing of chickpea (35 and 53 cm) and seven herbicides (including: imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%) at a rate of 100 ml.ai ha-1, imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai.ha-1 +cytogate (at a rate of 2%), oxyfluorfen (Goal® EC 24%), at a rate of 168 ml.ai.ha-1, phenmedipham + desmedipham +ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF®. EC 27.4%), in two rates: 160 and 300 ml.ai.ha-1, protected application of imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai.ha-1+ paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai.ha-1, protected application of paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai.ha-1, pyridate ((Lentagran® EC 60%), at a rate of 1200 ml.ai.ha-1 and control were evaluated. In green house experiment, different doses of Phenmedipham+ Desmedipham+ Ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF® in 411, 548, 685 and 822 ml.ai.ha-1) and its application time (2, 4, 6 and 8 leaf stages) were tested. Weed dry weight, visual evaluation and chickpea grain yield were evaluated 30 days after treatments and in the end of experiment and data were analyzed by Sas, Mstatc and Sigmaplot software and means were compared by Duncan.
Results and Discussion
Dominant weeds in two locations were Alyssum spp., Descurainia sophia, Acroptilon repens, Galium aparin, Polygonum aviculare, Astragalus sp., Euphorbia spp., Fumaria parviflora, Poa spp., Gypsophila spp., Allium spp., Falcaria vulgaris and Geranium spp. Field results indicated that all herbicides had the same effect on the weed dry weight and chickpea grain yield at both planting row distance. Therefore, the distance between chickpea planting rows can be increased up to 53 cm for the use of shielded sprayers. In terms of herbicide efficacy in the Hamadan and Maragheh regions, protected application of Imazethapyr + Paraquat was found to be the best treatment for weed control. This treatment resulted in an average weed dry weight of 1.7 grams per square meter in Hamadan and 7.3 grams per square meter in Maragheh. With this treatment, weed dry weight was reduced by approximately 94.4% and 69.9% compared to the control, respectively. Chickpea grain yield was highest with Imazethapyr + Cytogate and Pyridate, resulting in an increase of approximately 83% and 75.4%, respectively, compared to the control in Maragheh region. In Hamadan region, Oxyfluorfen showed an increase in chickpea grain yield up to 122.7%, Pyridate up to 125.4%, and Imazethapyr + Paraquat up to 111.7% compared to the control. Betanal progress OF® (at a rate of 3 l.ha-1) also exhibited good weed control but like Imazetapyr, is not recommended for use due to its damage on chickpea growth and grain yield. Additionally, Paraquat has been removed from the registered list in Iran; therefore, it is not recommended for application on chickpeas either.
Conclusions
For improved weed control in chickpea, it is recommended to increase row spacing to 53 cm and use a protected application of non-selective herbicides (such as Imazethapyr). However, it is important to note that Paraquat has been removed from the list of registered herbicides in Iran and cannot be recommended for weed control in chickpea. Instead, other approved non-selective herbicides can be recommended, provided they are applied using a shielded sprayer. Additionally, Betanal progress OF® is also caused damage to chickpea in both field and greenhouse conditions and it do not recommend.
کلیدواژهها English
©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
