اثر فشردگی مدیریت تغذیه و سموم شیمیایی کشاورزی بر رشد و عملکرد دانه ارقام لوبیاقرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) در شرایط مزرعه

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری گروه آگروتکنولوژی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه آگروتکنولوژی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران

3 دانشیار گروه ژنتیک و به‌نژادی گیاهی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران

4 استادیار گروه آگروتکنولوژی، واحد خرم‌آباد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، خرم‌آباد، ایران

چکیده

امروزه تنوع در نظام­های زراعی برای تولید حداکثری محصولات کشاورزی نظرات قابل توجهی را به خود جلب کرده است. در این راستا آزمایشی با هدف بهبود سودآوری مزرعه و بازسازی نظام­های زراعی متناسب با افزایش سلامت محصولات، بهبود امنیت غذایی انسان­ها و تولید پایدار محصول لوبیاقرمز، به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 1400 در منطقه بیران­شهر لرستان اجرا شد. نظام­های زراعی مختلف شامل (اکولوژیک، تلفیقی، کم­نهاده، متوسط نهاده و پُرنهاده) و ارقام لوبیاقرمز شامل (افق، دادفر، گلی و یاقوت) بودند. مقادیر مختلف مصرف نهاده در نظام­های زراعی شامل مدیریت زراعی، مصرف کود و سم بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر برهمکنش نظام­ زراعی و رقم، قطر ساقه، تعداد شاخه، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ، محتوای کلروفیل، تعداد غلاف، وزن دانه، عملکرد زیست­توده و دانه و شاخص برداشت را به­طور معنی­داری افزایش داد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در رقم یاقوت در نظام زراعی پُرنهاده (30/3054 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و در نظام زراعی تلفیقی (33/3007 کیلوگرم در هکتار) هر دو در یک کلاس آماری به­دست آمد. عملکرد دانه در رقم یاقوت نسبت به ارقام افق، دادفر و گلی در نظام زراعی پُرنهاده به ترتیب به میزان 56/27، 14/18 و 09/40 درصد و در نظام زراعی تلفیقی به ترتیب به میزان 02/26، 25/13 و 50/16 درصد افزایش نشان داد. یافته­ها نشان داد که نظام زراعی تلفیقی توانست هم­تراز با نظام زراعی پُرنهاده، ویژگی­های زراعی ارقام لوبیاقرمز را نسبت به نظام­های زراعی اکولوژیک، کم­نهاده و متوسط نهاده به بالاترین سطح خود برای افزایش تولید اقتصادی برساند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The compression effect of nutrition and chemicals agricultural poisons management on grows and grain yield of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars in farm conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Hadi khavari 1
  • ali khorgamy 2
  • reza mir drikvand 3
  • kazem taleshi 4
1 PhD. Student, Department of Agrotechnology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
3 Associate Professor, Department of genetic and plant breeding, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Agrotechnology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
On a global scale, the demand for agricultural products is increasing at the same time as the human population is growing. Low and middle income countries are struggling to deal with their food security challenges. from one side, Modern agriculture is being done with the aim of producing maximum crops to meet the needs of the world's growing population and without ensuring its effects on the environment. Conventional agricultural practices around the world depend on the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. nowadays, in all cropping systems, reducing dependence on subsidized energy (fertilizers and chemical pesticides) is one of the main goals. Therefore, it is very important to use the best management practices of nutrients in diverse ecosystems and different production systems to increase food production and improve farm profitability along with improving the efficiency of natural resources. Sustainable cropping systems ensure the long-term performance of the products produced for the developing population now and in the future without compromising the biological and physical components of the environment in which the production is taking place. One of the most important tools to achieve this goal is the use of organic fertilizers of natural origin and effective microorganisms during the production of crops. As a result, it will be possible to maintain crop productivity and increase soil health in the long term only by increasing the share of organic resources and biological fertilizers in agricultural ecosystems. In several field researches, the beneficial role and efficiency of using mycorrhizal and rhizobium biofertilizers and biochar and vermicompost organic fertilizers in the production of legumes, especially Red beans, have been reported.
 
Materials and Methods
 This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during growing season of 2021 at the experimental field of beiranshahr city of Khorramabad in Lorestan Province, Iran (48° 29' E, 33° 40' N and 1657m above the sea level). Before conducting the experiment to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil samples were collected from 0-30 and 30-60 cm depth of soil. During this experiment effects of tow factors were studied: different cropping systems included (ecological, integrated, low input, medium input and high input) and different variety of red beans (Ofogh, Dadfar, Goli and Yaghot). Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum was used at the rate of 250 kg. ha-1. Inoculation with rhizobium inoculum in the shade. Rhizobium inoculum was added at the rate of 50 ml for each kilogram of seeds. Biochar was used at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and vermicompost at the rate of 15 tons per hectare. Seed yield (with 10-14% moisture) was measured. The number of stem diameter, number of branches per plant, plant height, number of leaves per plant, and number of pods per plant were determined by randomly selecting 10 plants (60 cm long) from each experimental unit and Chlorophyll content of the leaf was estimated by using chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 Plus, Konica Minolta.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the main effect of cropping systems on the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased. The main effect of variety the number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, pod number, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index were significantly increased too. and the interaction effects of cropping systems and variety, the stem diameter, number of branches, plant height, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, number of pods, seed weight, biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index of red bean variety were significantly increased. The highest seed yield was obtained in Yaghot variety in high inpout cropping system (3054.30 kg/ha-1) and Yaghot variety in integrated cropping system (3007.33 kg/ha-1), both in the same statistical class. The grain yield in Yaqut cultivar increased by 27.56, 18.14 and 40.09 percent, respectively, compared to Ofogh, Dadfar and Goli cultivars in the high-input cropping system. And in the integrated cropping system, it showed an increase of 26.02, 13.25 and 16.50 percent, respectively.
 
Conclusion
Obtained results of this experiment showed that the integrated cropping system was able to bring the agricultural characteristics of red bean variety to the highest level in comparison with the ecological, low-input and medium-input cropping systems, in order to increase economic production, on par with the high-input cropping system. As a result, it is predicted that the results of this study can be useful for shaping new management methods to improve red bean crop production.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Food security
  • Grain yield
  • Harvest index
  • Leaf chlorophyll
  • Sustainable production

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