اثر حذف مخزن بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد نخود (Cicer arietinum var. ILC 482) تحت تأثیر سطوح نیتروژن و آبیاری

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• زهره امینی
• مهدی پارسا
• مهدی نصیری محلاتی
• محمد بنایان اول

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

10.22067/ijpr.v8i1.43989

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی اثر نیتروژن و رژیم‌های آبیاری و غلاف‌زدایی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد نخود رقم (ILC482)، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌‌های دوبارخُردشده با طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 91-1390 اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل مقادیر کود نیتروژن (30، 75 و 150‌کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی، رژیم‌های آبیاری (آبیاری کامل: آبیاری در تمام دورة رشد به فاصلة 10روز؛ و آبیاری تکمیلی در مرحله گلدهی و مراحل گلدهی و غلاف‌دهی) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی و غلاف‌زدایی (شاهد: (0)، 25 ، 50 و 75‌درصد) به‌عنوان عامل فرعی-‌فرعی بود. وزن خشک برگ و ساقه، وزن دانه در بوته، وزن خشک اندام هوایی، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در بوته و وزن 100دانه اندازه‌گیری شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تیمار 150‌کیلوگرم نیتروژن باعث بهبود اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه شد. تیمار ‌150کیلوگرم نیتروژن با 8/3‌گرم دانه در بوته بیشترین وزن دانه در بوته را تولید کرد. بیشترین شاخص برداشت (36‌درصد) به تیمار 30کیلوگرم نیتروژن تعلق داشت. تیمار آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و غلاف‌دهی با وزن دانه 4/4‌گرم در بوته نسبت به دو سطح دیگر آبیاری برتری داشت. بالاترین شاخص برداشت (39‌درصد) نیز به همین سطح آبیاری تعلق داشت. در دو تیمار آبیاری کامل و آبیاری تکمیلی در مرحله گلدهی، 75‌درصد غلاف‌زدایی وزن دانه را 60‌درصد کاهش داد، اما این کاهش در تیمار آبیاری تکمیلی در مراحل گلدهی و غلاف‌دهی 45‌درصد بود. در این برهم‌کنش‌، آبیاری تکمیلی در مراحل گلدهی و غلاف‌دهی همراه با غلاف‌زدایی جزئی(25درصد) بیشترین شاخص برداشت (45درصد) را داشت. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی از تیمار‌های ‌150کیلوگرم نیتروژن (8/12‌گرم در بوته) و آبیاری کامل (3/14‌گرم در بوته) به‌دست آمد. غلاف‌زدایی تمام صفات فوق (به‌جز وزن برگ) را به‌طور معنی‌داری کاهش داد. 75‌درصد غلاف‌زدایی، وزن دانه و وزن خشک اندام هوایی را به‌ترتیب 56 و 30‌درصد نسبت به شاهد کاهش داد. کمترین شاخص برداشت نیز (23‌درصد) به تیمار 75‌درصد غلاف‌زدایی تعلق داشت. در شرایط تنش خشکی(یک نوبت آبیاری)، مصرف بالای کود نیتروژن تأثیری بر وزن دانه در بوته نداشت، لذا می‌توان با مصرف 30کیلوگرم نیتروژن به‌عنوان کود آغازگر، عملکرد قابل‌قبول (166‌گرم دانه در متر‌مربع) را به‌دست آورد. به‌طور کلی با مصرف نیتروژن، می‌توان خسارت ناشی از حذف غلاف‌ها را تا حدی بهبود بخشید. همچنین در شرایطی که محدودیت آب وجود دارد، می‌توان با آبیاری تکمیلی در مراحل زایشی با کمبود آب مقابله کرد. تمام صفات از جمله تعداد غلاف، تعداد دانه، شاخص برداشت و وزن خشک اندام هوایی همبستگی مثبت و معنی‌داری با وزن دانه داشتند. در این بین، تعداد غلاف در متر‌مربع بیشترین همبستگی (75درصد) را با وزن دانه داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• آبیاری تکمیلی
• تنش خشکی
• غلاف‌زدایی
• گل‌زدایی

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of sink removal on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under different nitrogen fertilizer levels and irrigation regimes

نویسندگان [English]

• zohre amini
• mehdi parsa
• mehdi nasiri mahallati
• mohammad banayan aval

Ferdowsi university of Mashhad

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), an annual with indeterminate growth, is one of the most important food legumes. Loss of seeds due to pod borer (Heliothis armigera) attack is prevalent. Such loss of pods may affect the yield and yield components. The source-sink relationship changes during growth stages. Some factors influence this relationship including nitrogen fertilizer and water. This experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer, supplementary irrigation and depodding on yield and yield components of chickpea (var. ILC482).

Materials & Methods
The experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2012. Main plot was nitrogen fertilizer including 30, 75 and 150 kg N/ha and sup plot was irrigation regimes including full irrigation, supplementary irrigation at flowering and supplementary irrigation at flowering, seed podding and depodding including 0, 25%, 50% and 75% as sub subplot. Leaf and stem dry weight, seed weight per plant, shoot weight, pod number per plant, grain number per plant, 100-seed weight and harvest index of chickpea were all recorded.

Results & Discussion
The results indicated that all traits excluded of harvest index were higher in 150 kg N/ha treatment than other treatments. Nitrogen rate of 150 kg/ha produced the highest seed weight (3.8 g/plant). The highest harvest index (36%) was obtained from 30 kg/ha N treatment. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages with grain yield 4.4 g/plant was higher than full and supplementary irrigation at flowering. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages produced the highest harvest index (39%). In irrigation regimes including full irrigation and supplementary irrigation at flowering stage, 75% depodding decreased seed weight to 60%, but this was 45% in Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages. In this interaction, full irrigation and 0% depodding (control), produced the highest seed weight (195 g/m2). The lowest seed weight (40 g/m2) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and 75% depodding. Supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages with 25% depodding produced the highest harvest index (45%) too. Increase of harvest index mostly was related to improve photosynthesis and remobilization in mid drought stress and also low depodding (by devotion photosynthetic assimilates to un-removed pods). The highest shoot weight was obtained from 150 kg N/ha (12.8 g/plant) and full irrigation (14.3 g/plant). Depodding decreased the most of mentioned traits significantly. 75% depodding decreased seed weight and shoot dry weight to 56% and 30% respectively compared to control. The lowest harvest index (23%) was obtained from 75% depodding. In nitrogen rate of 75 kg/ha, the highest (177 g/m2) and lowest (46 g/m2) seed weight was obtained from 0% and 75% depodding, respectively. This result also was observed in traits of seed number and pod number in this interaction. High N application improved the ability of plant to compensate the pods that removed. All of traits including pod number, seed number, harvest index and shoot dry weight had positive and significantly correlation with seed weight. Pod number (75%) had highest correlation with yield.

Conclusion
Generally, increasing depodding intensity decreased grain yield. But nitrogen fertilizer application decreased the negative effects of depodding in low levels. Among irrigation regimes, supplementary irrigation at flowering and depodding stages was best treatment, therefore under water deficit condition, supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages recommend. Under severe stress condition (supplementary irrigation at flowering stage), high nitrogen application did not effect on seed weight. In this condition, favorite yield will obtain by 30 kg nitrogen fertilizer application as starter.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Deflowering
• Depodding
• Drought stress
• Supplementary irrigation

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