Iranian Journal Pulses Research

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of row spacing and seed rate on yield and yield component of Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, a split plot factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with 3 replications was conducted at second crop research station of Rice Research Institute of Iran (Rasht) during 2008 and 2009. Experimental factors were row spacing in three levels (20, 30 and 40 cm) as main plot and seed rate in three levels (70, 90 and 110 kg.ha-1) and common bean cultivars including Khaldar bean short maturation and Red Kiashahri cultivars as sub plots. The results of the combined analysis of variance showed significant differences between the years, row spacing, cultivars and seed rate in pod and grain yields. The results of mean comparisons showed that maximum pod and grain yields were obtained from the second year (with average of 2689.7 and 1478.8 kg.ha-1), row spacing of 20 cm (with average of 2617.6 and 1396.3 kg.ha-1), Khaldar bean short maturation cultivar (with average of 2475.6 and 1398.8 kg.ha-1) and seed rate of 110 kg.ha-1 (with average of 2551.1 and 1414.1 kg.ha-1). Results of factor analysis placed the studied traits in three separate groups and plant density per square meter, number of seed per square meter and seed weight per square meter among with the pod and grain yields were in the same group. The use of narrow row spacing (20 cm), more amount of seed (110 kg.ha-1) and Khaldar bean short maturation cultivar may increase the pod and grain yields of Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars and is recommended for planting Common bean in the Guilan area.

Abstract This research, for lowering the use of chemical fertilizer, was carried out using combinations of biological and chemical fertilizer on bean in Rasht region in 2012 growing season. The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with 12 treatments and three replications. Experimental treatments included: control (no fertilizers and no inoculants), chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) and 10 combinations of inoculated biological (Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, and Bacillus) fertilizers together with chemical fertilizers. Results showed that grain yield, biological yield, 100 grain weight, stem diameter, protein content and protein yield were significantly affected (p

Abstract In tropical pulses such as Mung bean use of zeolite due to keep of moisture is important. To study of effects of seed pelleting with zeolite and seed priming with Iron chelate on protein and grain yield of Mung bean cultivars in Ahvaz conditions, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) with three replication in experimental farm of the Ramin University in August 2011. Factors included Culture System Optimization (CSO) in six levels, zeolite + seed priming (O1), Zeolite (O2), seed pelleting + seed priming (O3), seed pelleting (O4), seed priming (O5) and control (O6) with three Mung bean cultivars included Hendi (C1), NM-54 (C2) and VC11-18b (C3). The results showed that cultivar was a significant effect on all of the evaluated traits; however the effects of CSO and interaction of cultivar and CSO on all traits except grain weight and number of seed per pod were significant. Hendi cultivar with high grain weight and number of seed per pod was showed a high potential in the production of yield components. The highest seed protein content was obtained in zeolite application in all of three cultivars. Production of the highest biological yield in Hendi seed primed was the promising of green manure planting.

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of methanol on germination percentage, germination speed index, plumule and radicle length, plumule and radicle dry weigh, vigor index and consumed endosperm of bean in condition of water deficit, a factorial experiment done based on completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was different levels of methanol included 0 (control), 5, 10 and 15 volumetric percentage, and second factor was negative water deficit in four levels of 0, -3, -6 and -9 bar. Results of this study showed that there was a significant difference among different methanol concentrations regarding germination percentage, germination speed index, plumule and radicle length, plumule and radicle dry weight, vigor index and consumed endosperm (p 0.01). Different levels of methanol caused significant decrease on germination characteristics compared with control. Drought stress at -9 bar level significantly decreased germination percentage, germination speed index, radicle length, radicle dry weigh and consumed endosperm compared with other levels. Results showed that in non-stress condition, methanol levels led to significant decrease on germination characteristics compared with control. In drought stress condition, methanol levels caused significant decrease on germination percentage, plumule dry weigh, radicle length and radicle dry weight compared with control.

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of irrigation levels and foliar application with Fe and Zn on quantitative and qualitative traits of red bean, an experiment was designed as split plot based on a completely randomized block design with three replications in Lordegan country in summer 2011. Irrigation as the main plot at three level such on: irrigation after 50, 75 and 100 mm evaporation, and foliar application as the sub-plot included four level: foliar application with water (control), ferrous sulfate (3 g.L-1), zinc sulfate (3 g.L-1), and mixture of ferrous sulfate and zinc (3 g.L-1). In this experiment yield, yield component and qualitative traits of seed bean was evaluated. The results showed that irrigation had a significant effect on all traits of red bean, except for seed number and seed iron and zinc contents. The highest and the lowest pod number, biological yield and harvest index achieved in irrigation after 50 and 100 mm evaporation, respectively. Also, the highest (25.6 %) and the lowest (19.8 %) seed protein content belonged in irrigation after 100 and 50 mm evaporation, respectively. The effect of foliar application on all traits except harvest index was significant. The highest number of seeds per pod (3.86), number of pods per plant (8.53), biological yield (7535 kg.ha-1) and seed protein (23.71 %), obtained with iron and zinc foliar application treatment and lowest of them (3.38, 6.48, 6259 kg.ha-1 and 22.18 % respectively) obtained in the control treatment. Foliar application with iron and zinc increased the concentrations of these elements in seed compared to control significantly. The effect of spray on 100-seeds weight in treatments irrigation after 50 and 75 mm evaporation was significant. So, that the highest 100-seeds weight in two surface irrigation was in foliar application with iron and zinc treatments, and the lowest was in the control. Interaction between irrigation and foliar application on seed yield showed that in treatments irrigation after 75 and 100 mm evaporation, the highest yield (2513 and 1747 kg.ha-1) achieved in iron and zinc foliar application and the lowest (2005 and 1062 kg.ha-1) obtained in control.

Abstract In order to study the effects of different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of chickpea (ILC482), a field experiment involving chickpea genotype ILC482 was conducted as factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2012-2013. Experimental treatments were including nitrogen fertilizer (as urea) at three levels: 30, 75, 150 kg N ha-1 and irrigation regimes at three levels: full irrigation, irrigation at flowering, irrigations at both flowering and podding. Studied traits were included seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, 1000- seed weight, seeds per pod, pods per plant. The results showed that the different irrigation regimes and nitrogen fertilizer levels had significant effect on seeds per pod, pods per plant, 1000- seed weight, seed weight per plant, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index. Interaction between irrigation and nitrogen was significant except for harvest index. In this study, the highest values of the traits (except for biological yield) were obtained under full irrigation along with 75 kg N ha-1. In addition, applying irrigation at flowering accompanied with 150 kg N ha-1 decreased yield and its components. Full irrigation plus 150 kg N ha-1 produced highest (8.9 t ha-1) biological yield, while grain yield was 1854 kg ha-1. Overall, full irrigation along with nutritive optimal levels, especially nitrogen at 30 and 75 kg ha-1 levels, during critical growth periods of chickpea could increase grain yield of chickpea.

Abstract In order to study the effect of supplementary irrigation and different plant densities on grain yield and yield components of chickpea cv Hashem, an experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Sirvan, Ilam during 2008-2009 cropping season. Main plot included supplementary irrigation (check as non-irrigation, supplementary irrigation at flowering and podding stages) and subplot included plant density (20, 30, 40, 50 plant.m-2). The results showed that supplementary irrigation had significant effect on plant height, number of sub branch, number of pod per plant, 1000-grain weight, protein content, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (1504 kg.ha-1) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering and the lowest grain yield (613 kg.ha-1) Observed from check treatment respectively. Plant density had significant effect on studied traits expect protein content and harvest index. The highest grain yield was obtained from 50 plant.m-2 and the lowest obtained from 20 plant.m-2 respectively; but there was not significant difference between 40 and 50 plant.m-2. Interaction effect of supplementary irrigation and plant density was significant on number of main branch, number of pod per plant, grain yield and biological yield. The highest grain yield (2006 kg.ha-1) was obtained from supplementary irrigation at flowering stage and 50 plant.m-2 and the lowest grain yield (488 kg.ha-1) observed from check treatment and 20 plant.m-2, respectively.

Abstract Lorestan and Khorramabad province has major share in chickpea production region are the one of the largest producer of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran, Chickpea with more cultivation area compare to the other plants, to estimate the chickpea water requirement. The aim of this research was to determine the crop coefficients of chickpea in a research field in Lorestan agriculture faculty in 2013 to find (Cicer arietinum L.) water requirement and different crop coefficients. For that, 4 drainable lysimeter was selected in which diameter and height were 0.45 and 0.8 m, respectively. The crop density was 50 plant per m^2. The water requirement of chickpea was estimated equal to 438mm. The potential evapotranspiration also was estimated equal to 554.2mm. More ever, the best pan coefficient also was determined by comparing with lysimetric results. Different parameters such as RESE, MBE, MAE and R^2 were used to determine chickpea evapotraspiration. Finally, the results showed that the FAO model with error RMSE, 0.174 is an optimum model for this region and Snyder method was modified in the second accurately. The FAO Penman Monteith method for calculating reference evapotranspiration in the region of 4.8 percent less than the amount of the lysimeters.

Abstract To study breeding resource of Kabuli chickpea lines of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, two separate experiments were conducted during 2010 and 2011. In this study, 57 lines of Kabuli type chickpeas- selected from primary evaluation experiments, out of 1500 accessions were planted at farm of Seed and Plant Improvement Research Institute in Karaj, Iran, according a randomized complete block design with three replications. All 57 lines were evaluated for different morphological and agronomical traits. Results showed high diversity for most of traits among accessions. Combined analysis of variance showed significant differences for years, genotypes and year × genotype interaction. Principal Coordinte Analysis resulted to four premier factors contributed around 85% of variations. Growth habit, number of flower and pod in plant, seed color, seed black dots and testa texture had higher coefficients in the first factor which contributed 59% of total variation. The yield components such as flowering duration, number of flower and pod in plant, number of pod per plant and number of seeds per pod showed high genetic diversity (21.58, 24.88, 52.51, and 27.01 respectively), and high heritabilities (93.49, 66.67, 94.72, and 82.86 respectively). So, these traits are suggested as most important indices for selection of superior chickpea line in breeding programs.

Abstract Experiment was conducted in 2011 to evaluate the efficacy of reduced herbicide rates in combination with false seedbed for selective weed control in common bean. The experiment was carried out with a completely randomized factorial design. Factors were herbicide dose (post-emergence application of imazethapyr at the rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g a.i. ha-1) and seedbed preparation (false seedbed and conventional seedbed). A hand weeding control was also included as check. In the absence of herbicide, there were significant differences in grass and total weeds biomass between two seedbeds (p< 0.01), however, biomass of broadleaved weeds was not significantly different in two seedbeds (P=0.053). The false seedbed decreased grass and total weed biomass by 28 and 21%, respectively, as compared with conventional seedbed. Imazethapyr application greatly affected grass and broadleaf weed growth and biomass production. The rate of 50 g a.i. ha-1of imazethapyr was as effective as the 100 g a.i.ha-1 rate to maintain consistent weed control in the false seedbed, while, the rate of 75 g a.i. ha-1 was required to maintain effective weed control in conventional seedbed. Season-long weed competition resulted in 68 and 73% yield loss in common bean in the false and conventional seedbed, respectively. However, imazethapyr application decreased yield loss down to 4.7 and 2.9% in false and conventional seedbed, respectively. The study suggests that acceptable weed control in common bean of the weed species observed in the present study could be achieved using imazethapyr at the rate of 56 g a.i. ha-1 in combination with false seedbed, which can save the yield by 90%.

Abstract In order to study the effect of Trifluralin herbicide soil residues on growth and nodulation of chickpea genotypes, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A factorial experimental was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments included of four genotyps of chickpea (Hashem, Ilc, Kaka and Kermanshahi) and seven concentration of Trifluralin herbicide residue in soil (0, 6.4, 9.2, 18, 27.6, 36.8 and 55 µg.kg-1.soil). Plants emergence percentage was determined 7 days after their emergence and at the beginning flowering stage, plants survival, height, number of lateral branches, shoot and root biomass, nodule number and nodule fresh weight were recorded. Results showed, all measured traits were decreased significantly in all genotypes by increasing of Trifluralin concentration in soil. At the lowest concentration (6.4 µg.kg-1.soil) of trifluralin in soil, chickpea shoot and root biomass were decreased 48.64 and 39.80 percent respectively and their lost reached to 97.96 and 96.39 percent respectively, when Trifluralin concentration in soil was at the highest level (55 µg.kg-1.soil). Among the studied genotypes of cheakpea, the highest of shoot (74.93%) and root (71.51%) biomass lost were observed in Kaka genotype and the lowest shoot (64.72%) and root (55.96%) biomass lost were observed in the varieties of kermanshahi and hashem respectively. Based on ED50 parameter, among the chickpea genotypes, Ilc (3.23 µg.kg-1.soil) and Kermanshah (8.22 µg.kg-1.soil) appeared to be the most susceptible and tolerant genotypes to trifluralin soil residue respectively. The other chickpea genotypes were classified by tolerant to Trifluralin soil residual to: kermanshahi> Hashem> Kaka> Ilc.

Abstract In this study, total factor productivity growth of Iran’s pulses (including irrigated pea, dry pea, irrigated lentil, dry lentil, irrigated soybean, dry soybean and irrigated bean) during of farming years 1989-1990 though 2007-2008 had been analyzed, using Nonparametric Malmquist approach. So, amounts of inputs usages include seeds, fertilizers, dung, poison, herbicide, labor, water and acreages and also, output quantity include pulses production had been considered. Results showed chickpeas production minimum TFP growth in mentioned time period. Products like irrigated and dry lentil, irrigated pea have negative growth on the basis of technology variation and efficiency and products like irrigated bean and dry land pea have positive growth in total factor productivity during the studied years. Examining the annual variation and its components show that the highest growth in 2000-2001 was 85 percent and the highest negative growth in 1999-2000 was 36.9 percent.