Study of Planting pattern and herbicide effects on weed population and chickpea grain yield

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Associate professor, Weed Research Department, Iranian research institute of plant protection

2 1. Assistant professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran

3 Assistant professor

4 Assistance professor, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)

Abstract

Introduction
 Chickpea, with an average production of 439 kg.ha-1, is one of the most important pulses that holds a special place in rain-fed conservation farming systems in Kermanshah, Kordestan and Lorestan provinces of  Iran. Recently, it covers 6.9% of the cultivated land area for agricultural products and accounts for 5.3% of the total rain-fed crop production, placing it fourth in rank. High distance between global mean of grain yield (1038 kg.ha-1) and Iran(439 kg.ha-1) is significant and weeds are the most important limiting factors in chickpea production systems in Iran, and due to the limited registered herbicides, increasing row spacing and using non-selective herbicides by shielded sprayers is one of the other ways for application of these herbicides in chickpea farming. Optimizing chickpea row-spacing and the application possibility of non-selective herbicides in chickpea was our objective in this experiment.
Material and Methods
In order to study planting pattern and chemical control effects on weed population and yield of rain-fed chickpea farming, two experiments conducted: field experiments were conducted in East Azerbaijan and Hamadan provinces and greenhouse experiment was in Alborz province of Iran in 2021-2022. The field and greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized block design and a completely randomized design with four replications, respectively. In field experiment, two intra-rows spacing of chickpea (35 and 53 cm) and seven herbicides (including: imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%) at a rate of 100 ml.ai ha-1, imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai ha-1 +cytogate (at a rate of 2%), oxyfluorfen (Goal® EC 24%), at a rate of 168 ml.ai ha-1, phenmedipham + desmedipham +ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF®. EC 27.4%), in two rates: 160 and 300 ml.ai ha-1, protected application of imazethapyr (Pursuit® SL 10%), at a rate of 100 ml.ai ha-1+ paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai ha-1, protected application of paraquat (Gramoxone® SL 20%), at a rate of 600 ml.ai ha-1, pyridate ((Lentagran®  EC 60%), at a rate of 1200 ml.ai ha-1 and control were evaluated. In green house experiment, different doses of Phenmedipham+ Desmedipham+ Ethofumesat (Betanal progress OF® in 411, 548, 685 and 822 ml.ai ha-1) and its application time (2, 4, 6 and 8 leaf stages) were tested. Weed dry weight, visual evaluation and chickpea grain yield were evaluated 30 days after treatments and in the end of experiment and data were analyzed by sas, mstatc and sigmaplot software and means were compared by Duncan.
Results and Discussion
Dominant weeds in two locations were Alyssum spp., Descurainia sophia , Acroptilon repens , Galium aparin , Polygonum aviculare , Astragalus sp., Euphorbia spp., Fumaria parviflora , Poa spp., Gypsophila spp., Allium spp., Falcaria vulgaris , and Geranium spp. Field results indicated that all herbicides had the same effect on the weed dry weight and chickpea grain yield at both planting row distance. Therefore, the distance between chickpea planting rows can be increased up to 53 cm for the use of shielded sprayers. In terms of herbicide efficacy in the Hamadan and Maragheh regions, protected application of Imazethapyr + Paraquat was found to be the best treatment for weed control. This treatment resulted in an average weed dry weight of 1.7 grams per square meter in Hamadan and 7.3 grams per square meter in Maragheh. With this treatment, weed dry weight was reduced by approximately 94.4% and 69.9% compared to the control, respectively. Chickpea grain yield was highest with Imazethapyr + Cytogate and Pyridate, resulting in an increase of approximately 83% and 75.4%, respectively, compared to the control in Maragheh region. In Hamadan region, Oxyfluorfen showed an increase in chickpea grain yield up to 122.7%, Pyridate up to 125.4%, and Imazethapyr + Paraquat up to 111.7% compared to the control. Betanal progress OF® (at a rate of 3 lit.ha-1) also exhibited good weed control but like Imazetapyr, is not recommended for use due to its damage on chickpea growth and grain yield. Additionally, Paraquat has been removed from the registered list in Iran; therefore, it is not recommended for application on chickpeas either.
Conclusions
For improved weed control in chickpea, it recommended increasing row spacing up to 53 cm and then use-protected application of non-selective herbicides ( including Imazethapyr + Paraquat). However, it should be noted that Paraquat has been removed from the registered herbicides list in Iran and we cannot recommend it for weed control in chickpea. Instead of paraquat, the other approved non-selective herbicides can recommend but we have to use them by shielded sprayer.  Additionally, Betanal progress OF® is also caused damage to chickpea in both field and greenhouse conditions and it do not recommend.

Keywords

Main Subjects


Anonymous. 2022. Agricultural statistics (Crops 2021-2022). Statistics, Information and Communication Technology Center. Ministry of Jihad - E- Agriculture. Tehran. Iran. P:103.
Babaei S., S. Lahooni , S. K. Mousavi , I. Tahmasebi, P. Sabeti, and A. Abdulahi. 2022. Efficiency of herbicides for weed control in chickpea and effect of their residues on wheat growth. Agronomía Colombiana 40(2), 249-257. DOI: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v40n2.101580.
Benaragama, D., & Shirtliffe, S. J. 2013. Integrating cultural and mechanical methods for additive weed control in organic systems. Agronomy Journal, 105: 1728–1734. DOI:10.2134/ agronj2013.0007.
Boerboom, C. M., & Young, F. L. 1995. Effect of postplant tillage and crop density on broadleaf weed control in dry pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens culinaris). Weed Technology. 9: 99–106. DOI: 10.1017/S0890037X00023022.
Campbell, J. 2016. Controlling weeds in Pacific Northwest pulse crops. Crops Soils. 49: 24–26. DOI:10.2134/cs2016-49-2-8.
FAO. 2023. FAOSTAT. http://faostat.fao.org. [Verified 2 September 2024].
Gan, Y., T. D. Warkentin, R. Chandirasekaran, B. D. Gossen, T. Wolf, and S. Banniza. 2009. Effects of planting pattern and fungicide application systems on ascochyta blight control and seed yield in Chickpea. Agronomy Journal. 101(6): 1548-1555. DOI:10.2134/agronj2009.0188.
Hoseinian khoshroo H., H. R. Pourali, Baba, A. Eskandari, G. Gahramanian, and G. Jahangiri. 2019. Rain feed farming of chickpea. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization .Dryland agricultural research in statute. P: 9.
Jukanti, A.K., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L., & Chibbar, R.N. 2012. Nutritional quality and health benefits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): a review. British Journal of Nutrition, 108, 11-26.
Mitkov, A., Yanev, M., Neshev, N. and Tonev, T. 2017. Possibilities for chemical control of the weeds at chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crop Production 52nd Croatian and 12th International Symposium on Agriculture February 12-17, 2017 ǀ Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Mohammed Y. A., Z. Miller, K. Hubbel, and C. Chen. 2020. Variety and weed management effects on organic chickpea stand establishment and seed yield. Agrosystems, Geoscience & Environment. DOI: 10.1002/agg2.20035
Mousavi S. K., and P. Pezeshkpour. 2006. Effects of planting pattern on pea (Pissum sativum L.) production in dryland situation of Lorestan province. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 4(8): 375-384. DOI: 10.22067/gsc.v4i2.1275.
Mousavi K., P. Sabeti, N. Jafarzadeh, and D. Bazazi. 2010. Evaluation of some herbicides efficacy for weed control in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 1(1), p. 19-31.
Najafi H. 2014. Non-chemical weed management (Second edition). Paak Pendaar. P: 317.
Najafi, H., H. Nazer Khakhki, and B. Soheili. 2023. Soil-applied herbicides optimization possibility in rainfed Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) via incorporated by sowing system (IBS). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research. 14(2): 55-71. DOI: 10.22067/ijpr.2023.76756.1036.
Plew J. N., G. D. Hill and F. Dastgheib. 1994. Weed control in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Proceedings Agronomy Society of N.Z. 24.
Sandral, G.A., Dear, B.S., Pratley, J.E., & Cullis, B.R. 1997. Herbicide dose response rate response curve in subterranean clover determined by a bioassay. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 37(1): 67-74.
Taran, B., Holm, F., & Banniza, S. 2013. Response of chickpea cultivars to pre-and post- Emergence herbicide applications. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 93: 279-286.
Tepe, I., M. Erman, R. Yergin, and B. Bükün. 2011. Critical period of weed control in chickpea under non-irrigated conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 35(5): 525-534. DOI: 10.3906/tar-1007-956.
Veisi, M. 2018. Weeds Identification and Management in Chickpea Farming System. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. P:28.
Veisi, M., M. S. Mansoori, and M. Ghiasvand. 2019a. Survey of possibility weed control in fall and entezari chickpea fields. Final report of research project. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. P: 36.
Veisi, M., M. S. Mansoori, and A. Jahedi Tork. 2019b. Investigation the effect of new herbicides on weed control in rainfed winter chickpea. Final report of research project. Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization. Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection. P: 42.
Veisi, M., Zand, E., Minbashi Moeini, M. and Basiri, K. 2019. Review of research on weed management of chickpea in Iran: challenges, strategies and perspectives. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 60(2): 113- 125. DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2020.132212.
Weiner, J., Griepentrog, H. W., & Kristensen, L.2001. Suppression of weeds by spring wheat Triticumaestivum increases with crop density and spatial uniformity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38: 784–790.DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00634.x
CAPTCHA Image
  • Receive Date: 05 October 2024
  • Revise Date: 04 December 2024
  • Accept Date: 04 December 2024
  • First Publish Date: 04 December 2024