Iranian Journal Pulses Research

Abstract Introduction
Due to the increasing need for agricultural products and the limited water and soil resources for growing crops, it is necessary to study genetic resources, and on the other hand, genetic materials are resources that are considered valuable for plant breeding specialists who try to collect and maintain and evaluate these materials. Iran is one of the main centers of genetic diversity in the world. Identifying the morphological traits is the first step in classifying and describing the pattern of each plant, and several scientists have attempted to classify and measure the phenomenological diversity of specimen collections of various legumes, including lentils. Since Iran is one of the centers of lentil diversity in the world, it is predicted that a great diversity will be found among the native populations of this plant.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the efficiency of multivariate statistical methods in identifying the most important traits affecting grain yield and genetic pattern in lentil genotypes in Ilam province, an experiment as randomized complete block design with three replications using 18 lentil genotypes (two local cultivars) in Sarablah Agricultural Research Station per year was implemented in 2018-2019. Selected traits included the number of leaves of a plant, the number of seeds in a pod, the number of seeds of a plant, the number of flowers on a plant, the number of lateral shoot, flowering and maturity dates, the estimated weight of 100 seeds and final grain yield.
 
Results and Discussion
Based on the variance analysis, all traits showed meaningful differences until the experiment day except the number of seeds in a pod and the number of pods of a plant. The genotype named 11 (Flip 2010-90L (and genotype named 15 (ILL 754* ILL) showed the highest and the lowest grain yield, respectively which were 1432.3 and 500 g.m^-2. The estimated weight of 100 seeds (r= 0.314) and the number of pods showed the highest positive correlation with grain yield. The basic derivatives of the analysis showed the amount of more than one. The validation amount of total variance was 69.9%. Furthermore, the first and second agents showed the most amount of total variance, which was 3.39%. The six positive traits were the amount of seeds in a pod, the amount of seeds in an herb, the length of the plant, the estimated weight of hundred seeds and the functionality of the plant. In addition, the second positive agents included the number of seeds in a pod, the number of leaves in an herb, the length of the plant and the number of lateral shoots. This study was employed in order to determination of the excellent genotypes regarding the studied traits. Another aim of this research was the enhancement of the availability to the lentil sources. In this study, a wide variety of seed traits such as 100-seed weight and phenological traits such as flowering date, number of seeds per pod, number of leaves per plant and plant height which can be used in breeding programs were recorded. According to statistical analysis, it was found that the studied genotypes have good diversity in terms of grain yield. Number of seeds per plant, 100-seed weight, plant height are some of the traits that showed a positive relationship with seed yield. Since the first factor justifies the most changes, the traits that have the largest factor coefficients in this factor can be plant height, day to maturity and number of seeds per pod and can be selected to select the best genotypes and lines of these traits used. According to the results of the analysis of the main components, the first two components have the traits of day to maturity, plant height and number of seeds per pod, which can be considered as desirable traits in lentils; which is necessary to confirm the results of the repeat test.
 
Conclusion
The statistical analysis indicated the agreeable variance based on the seed functionality among the selected genotypes.

Abstract Introduction
Environmental stresses especially drought are important and effective factors reducing plant production. Mung bean (Vigna radiata (L) Wilczek) from leguminosae family mostly grows in tropical areas and has a lower water requirement compared to other legumes. The role of mycorrhizal symbiosis to protect plants under drought conditions is considerable. The main effects of drought stress at the flowering stage are aborting flowers and eventually declining seed yield while the major effects of drought stress are on reproductive organs of plants in the pod filling stage. Therefore, effects of drought stress occurring due to lack of water are in different growth stages which can be divided into flowering and pod filling stages. The aim of this study was to improve some morphophysiological traits, nitrogen, protein, root colonization, mycorrhizal dependency and mycorrhizal growth response percentage of mung bean by Glomus mosseae and Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 symbiosis under different imposed moisture stress conditions.
 
Materials and Methods
A split plot Randomized Complete Block Design experiment with three replications was conducted in the research farm of Islamic Azad University of Miyaneh branch, Iran, during 2016. The main factors allocated to three levels of drought stress included: normal irrigation (control), stopping irrigation in flowering stage, stopping irrigation in pods formation stage. Sub-factor was considered for four treatments of inoculation including: non-inoculation (control), inoculation by G. mosseae, P. fluorescens strain169 and G. mosseae+P. fluorescens strain169. Parto variety of mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) used in this study was provided by Seed and Plant improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran. Suspension solutions of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain169 with 108-109 live and active bacteria per ml (CFUml-1) were provided by Water and Soil Research Institute, Karaj, Iran. Glomus mosseae was obtained from Zist Fanavaraneh Turan biotech firm, which had approximately 30 live fungi per gram and was produced by culturing in host plants, used in the form of soil mixed spores and hyphae. Inoculation of seeds by Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 was done in the morning by mixing them in an aluminum paper. The 2% glucose solution was added to increase the number of bacteria attached to seeds, and the seeds were then allowed to be dried in shadow. In order to increase the efficiency of fungi and bacteria in sowing time, seeds were not sterilized. Based on physicochemical analysis, the soil clay and organic carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium amount in the experimental farm was 1.5%, 0.1%, 5.70 (mg.kg^-1) and 301 (mg.kg^-1), respectively. In this study, traits such as protein of seed (%), nitrogen of seed (%) and root colonization (%), relative water content (%) as well as mycorrhizal dependency (%) and mycorrhizal growth response (%) were measured, and the average of ten samples from each plot for plant height (cm), the number of leaves per plant, dry weight of leaves (g), dry weight of stem+pod (g), dry weight of plant (g), stem diameter (mm) and the number of branches were collected and calculated. All measured data were analyzed for simple analysis of variance using MSTAT-C software. Mean comparison was carried out by the Duncan test at 5% probability level using SPSS (Ver.16).
 
Results and Discussion
Results displayed significant variation among drought stress treatments for the majority of growth characteristics. Based on inoculation treatments, there were significant differences between all measured traits except the number of leaves per plant and stem diameter. Drought stress decreased the majority of morphophysiological traits. Glomus mosseae increased dry weight of leaves and dry weight of plant by 44.3% and 8.45% respectively. G.mosseae was more effective to increase growth characteristics of mung bean. According to water requirement, pods forming stage was the most sensitive growth stage. Co-inoculation of P. fluorescence strain 169+G. mosseae synergistically affected root colonization percentage and nitrogen percentage of seeds. Protein content of seeds in drought stressed condition was more than normal irrigation plots. Plants located in cutting irrigation in pods filling stage plots plus inoculated by G. mosseae+P. fluorescence 169 had the highest protein content of seed with average 16.560%.
 
Conclusion
This study indicated that major differences between G. mosseae, Pseudomonas fluorescence strain 169 and interaction of them for their ability to enhance growth characteristics of mung bean. G. mosseae and P. fluorescence strain 169 could alleviate drought stress effects through enhancing the plant height directly. Pod formation stage was identified as a susceptible growth stage of the plant under water deficit condition. In addition, stopping irrigation in pod formation stage had a high negative influence on the number of leaves and branches in plant. The majority of measured growth characteristics was positively affected by soil microbial mass. Plants inoculated by P. fluorescence 169+G.mosseae under cutting irrigation in pod filling stage had the highest root colonization by 55.3%. Synergistic effects of G. mosseae and P. fluorescens 169 increased dry weight of stem+pod, dry weight of plant, which seems to be an important finding for physiologists and soil scientists. Glomus mosseae individually improved plant height and dry weight of leaves in cooperation with other treatments.

Abstract Introduction Legumes are one of the most important sources of protein in the diet of many people in developing countries and are the second largest source of human food. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) ranks 2nd in cultivated area of legumes in the world. Low chickpea performance in Iran with respect to environmental conditions and inaccessibility to adequate water and appropriate genotype and little breeding works has been done on it. Since the main components of genetic and environmental factors that determine the yield and quality of plants, the main purpose of the selection of breeding indices, should focus more on the effects of genetic factors. Genetic diversity in chick pea collection can be used in breeding program for selection of genotype with desirable agronomic traits. Studying relationships between agronomic traits would assist breeders to identify the effective traits and use proper selection intensity in their breeding programs. Material & Methods In order to evaluate the genetic diversity and identify relationships between yield with other morphological traits, in chickpeas genotype, 28 Kabuli genotypes with two controls i.e. Jam and Kourosh, under non-stress and terminal drought stress condition, an experiment was carried out in a complete block design with three replications on research farm of University of Tehran in 2013. Results & Discussion For most of the traits, results showed that there were significant differences among genotypes which revealed genetic variation among them. The results of phenotypic correlation under non-stress condition showed that seed yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with seed and pod weight per plant, number of seeds per plant and 100 seed weight. Results under drought stress condition showed that seed yield per plant with seed and pod weight and number of seeds per plant had significant and positive correlation at 1% probability level. According to the results of phenotypic correlations, stepwise regression, path analysis in both conditions (non-stress and with terminal stress), it could be concluded that, the traits such as seed and pod weight per plant, 100-seed weight, and number of seeds per plant were most important and effective traits affecting yield and considering that among the genotypes. Since most variation was observed among genotypes for these traits, therefore selecting and breeding for them could be ideal for improving yield. Based on factor analysis under the non-stress condition, the three factors were selected that explained 69.3 percent of the total variations. The first, second, and third factors were explained 30.32, 26.78 and 12.28 percent of the variations, respectively. The second factor that included five traits (seed and pod weights per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant and number of seed per pod) was introduced as the components of yield. Under the terminal drought stress condition, four factors selected that totally were explained 89.6 percent of the variations. The first, second, third and fourth factors were explained as 44.86, 23.43, 11.82 and 9.56 percent of the variations, respectively. In these conditions also, the second factor that included four traits (seed and pod weights per plant, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant) was introduced as components of yield. Therefore, these two factors used to identify genotypes with high yield and yield components, in non-stress condition the genotypes 22,474,239,370 and control genotype Jam (No. 998), and in stress condition the genotypes 508,236 with two control genotypes Jam (No. 998) and Kourosh (No, 999) were selected as high yield and component yield genotypes. According to the results of cluster analysis based on the square Euclidian distance and Ward method, under non-drought stress condition the genotypes classified in 3 clusters. The genotypes of second cluster had high yield comparing with the other clusters and total genotypes average. According to the results of cluster analysis under drought stress condition, the genotypes classified in 4 clusters that the genotypes of third cluster, in seed and pod weights per plant, number of seeds per plant, seed yield per plant and number of seed per pod traits had the highest average comparing with other clusters and total genotypes average. According to the result of cluster analysis, the genotypes in third cluster with two control genotypes (Jam and Kourosh) could be use for produce hybrids and getting yield hybrids. Conclusion According to the results, the studied chickpea germplasm, are valuable resources, in addition to possess new traits provide high diversity for breeders to improve of the new varieties.

Abstract In order to assess and identify genetic diversity and genetic relationships of the 64 Kabuli chickpeas genotypes, an experimental design was carried out in a simple lattice design (8×8) in 2009-2010 cropping season on the Research Field of College of Agriculture and Natural Resource of Tehran University. The results of phenotypic correlation showed that grain yield per plant had significant and positive correlation with seed and pod weight, biological yield, number of filled pods, 100 seed weight, number of seeds per plant, seed diameter and main branch diameter at 1% level probability and negative correlation with day to 50% flowering and days to 50% podding. Based on factor analysis, four factors were selected that in total 79% of the total variation was explained. The first and second factors were explained high percent of variation that including 100-seed weight, plant height, pod length, pod diameter, seed length, seed diameter, number of filled pods, seed and pod weight, biological yield, grain yield and main branch diameter. Therefore, these two factors used to identify genotypes with high yield and yield components and genotypes 2, 22, 29, 36, 120, 139, 198, 239, 335, 345, 356, 357, 375, 473, 474, 534, 552, 555 and 629 with two control genotypes Jam (998) and Korosh (999) were selected as high yield and component yield genotypes. According to the result of cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified in 5 clusters. The genotypes of third and fourth cluster had high yield and earliness in compare with other clusters and genotype average. According to the result of cluster analysis, we can use third and fourth cluster genotypes and two control genotypes (Jam and Korosh) for producing new genotypes with high yield.

Abstract Genetic diversity in bean collection can be used in breeding program for selection of genotype with desirable agronomic traits. Fifty two accessions of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been evaluated for genetic diversity of agronomic traits, grain quality and determination of association between grain yield and some morphological traits at Research Farm of National Plant Gene Bank of Iran, Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj during 2011. Complete randomized block design with two replications has been used for conduction of experiment and statistical analysis. According to Biodiversity International descriptors traits understudy has been recorded. Descriptive statistics results of traits analysis indicated considerable diversity regarding node number on main stem, 100 seed weight, seed number per plant and pod number per plant. Variation for traits of seed number per plant, 100 seed weight, days to maturity and seed yield per plant ranged between 32-150 seeds, 14.8-74.22 g, 46-96 days and 11.2-55.1 g, respectively. Coefficients of variation for genetic and phenotypic were high regarding traits of node number on main stem, pod number per plant, seed number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield per plant. All traits except days to flowering (22.3%) and days to forming pod (7.9%) had high heritability between 62.8-82.9%. Based on cluster analysis genotypes understudy classified in tree groups among them two had highest single plant seed yield. Among qualitative characters maximum variation has been observed for pod string and minimum for pod tip curve. According to results of simple correlation, multiple regression and path analysis; pod number per plant, 100 seed weight and seed number per plant as components of yield had the greatest impact on performance of single plant seed yield. During principal component analysis 67.60% of recorded traits variations were due to four factors.