Iranian Journal Pulses Research

Abstract Introduction
Chickpea is an important source of energy and protein of the Iranian people’s diet. Iran is one of the main centers of genetic diversity of this crop. The cultivation of chickpea nowadays is practiced using irrigation or supplemented irrigation in many parts of Iran, as more challenging by climate change, precipitation decline, and salinization of underground water resources. On the other side, there is no enough fresh water to meet the full water requirement of chickpea. Although chickpea consider as a salt sensitive crop but there are some reports that show some variable reaction to salinity amongst different chickpea genotypes. A collection of cold and drought stress tolerant chickpea genotypes are maintained in Mashhad Chickpea Collection (MCC) in the Plant Science Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Therefore, testing the tolerance of different genotypes and landraces of this crop to salinity stress is of important, and this experiment is arranged to test salinity tolerance of chickpea genotypes in this collection.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to identify and assess of chickpea genotypes salinity tolerant, seeds of 206 Mashhad Chickpea Collection genotypes were kindly prepared by Plant Science Research Center of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM). The experiment was carried out in the research green house of Faculty of Agriculture of FUM at the spring of 2021 which light was normal, and temperature and humidity were controlled. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications and each treatment consist of 10 plants for each genotype. Seeds were sown in the shallow trays in the lab at 25 degrees centigrade and emerged seedling were transplanted in the sand culture medium. Saline water prepared by adding NaCl to tap water till its EC reached to 12 dS.m^-1. Salinity imposed after a week of transplanting through the Hoagland nutrient solution and continued for four weeks. Nutrient solution was renewed each week and 12 dS.m^-1 NaCl dissolved in that solution. Measured traits included the height difference at the beginning of the imposing of salt stress and for weeks later, number of branch per plant, survival percentage, and biomass accumulation. Sodium and potassium content of shoots. Data were analyzed using Minitab for windows 17 and standard error and cluster analysis arranged using JMP4 software.
 
Results and Discussion
 The results showed that 31 genotypes have a survival rate of 76-100% which 10 genotypes showed survival rate of 100%. Plant height, biomass, and number of lateral branches per plant decreased as survival rate decreased. Significant increase in shoot Na⁺ concentration was only found in survival range of 0-25% while the shoot sodium content was the lowest in in group of 57-100% survival compared to the other three groups. Biomass accumulation also reduced more rapidly in low survival group (0-25%) compare with 76-100% survival group by 66%. The correlation analysis showed that survival rate, plant height and number of lateral branches per plant, biomass, plant height difference and shoot K⁺ concentration showed significantly positive correlation. Based on factor analysis, three factors were selected that in total 79% of the total variation was explained. The first and second factors were explained high percent of variation that include survival rate and plant height and number of lateral branches per plant, biomass, plant height difference and Na+ concentration. Genotypes MCC1782, MCC197 ,MCC1703 ,MCC1568, MCC1573, MCC1737, MCC1209, MCC1516, MCC1493, MCC1832, MCC1957, MCC1721, MCC2016, MCC1704, MCC1641, MCC1815, MCC1775, MCC178, MCC1754, MCC1627, MCC1716, MCC1918, MCC1827 ,were selected as the superior genotype under salinity stress of 12 dS.m^-1  for four weeks. According to the result of cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified in four clusters. The genotypes of the third and fourth clusters had a high average salinity tolerance compared to other clusters with the investigated traits.
 
Conclusions
While chickpea is not traditionally considered a salt-tolerant crop, the observed variations among genotypes suggest that further efforts are required to screen and identify salt-tolerant genotypes and landraces for potential inclusion in breeding programs. It's important to note that the current study was conducted in a controlled environment, with only a few weeks of exposure to salinity treatment. Consequently, we propose a more extensive experiment that includes those genotypes exhibiting superior performance in terms of survival rate, biomass accumulation, low shoot sodium content, and high potassium content.

Abstract Introduction
Chickpea is the third most important grain legume and its seeds contain protein that is an important energy source for human. Drought diminishes crop yields and carries the potential to result in total crop failure. However, chickpeas are renowned for their superior drought tolerance compared to many other cool-season legumes. Given that water availability is the primary constraint on growth in arid conditions, optimal yields and crop production occur when plants efficiently absorb the limited soil moisture available. This feature will only be achieved through the compatibility mechanisms associated with the root system. Chickpea have a direct and deep root system that helps the plant absorb moisture from the lower layers of the soil. Therefore it has led to the prosperity of its cultivation in rainfed areas. Water absorption by the plant depends on the size of the root, its activity and distribution in the soil. Therefore, it seems that the understanding of plant root traits is necessary to further understand the mechanisms of drought resistance. In general, few studies have been done on the diversity of legume roots. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the diversity of root morphological traits of chickpea lines in order to use these traits to select drought-tolerant chickpea lines.
 
Materials and Methods
The plant materials of this experiment included 39 chickpea lines of Icarda origin, which were taken from the Kurdistan Research Center. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ilam University. Seeds were implanted in PVC tubes with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 60 cm. A drip irrigation system was designed in such a way that an emitter was located inside each tube. With this method, the test tubes were in favorable conditions. In the greenhouse the temperature was under control and had a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and an average humidity of 70% and the plants used natural light without any additional light. After 35 days of seed germination traits were measured. For this purpose, first the aerial parts of the plant were separated by scissors. After separating the roots from the PVC tubes, they were placed in ethanol with a concentration of 98% and after being transferred to the laboratory, they were stored in the refrigerator, then the traits were measured. Variance analysis of traits and average comparison of data was done with Duncans multi-range test using SAS software version 9.1.
 
Results and Discussion
All the measured traits had a good variation range among the studied chickpea lines that these results are consistent with previous studies. None of the lines showed superiority for all root traits. Line FLIP07-20C having the longest root length, can benefit from the water available in a larger volume of the soil profile. In the examination of rooting depth in grain legumes, such as chickpeas, it was observed that root length remains relatively stable across a broad spectrum of soil moisture levels. Root length is considered a crucial parameter in plant growth, as researchers posit that the length of roots per unit of soil volume is the most effective characteristic for assessing water and nutrient absorption by plants. In our current investigation, a significant disparity was noted between the highest and lowest root volumes. Root volume stands out as one of the plant's key attributes for absorbing water and nutrients. In this research, line FLIP 82-150C had the highest and line FLIP97-706C had the lowest specific root length. The specific root length is one of the important traits in showing the efficiency of the root in absorbing water and resistance to drought. When faced with drought stress, the plant assigns more dry matter to the root system in order to increase the absorption ability of the roots; as a result, there are changes in the morphological characteristics of the roots, such as an increase in the specific length of the root. The highest root density was observed in line FLIP09-149C. root density is a trait that is affected by root weight and volume. In the condition of drought stress, the decrease in root volume caused an increase in root density and at the end of the growth period, the decrease in root dry weight was more than the decrease in its volume, which ultimately led to a decrease in root density. Studies have indicated that as humidity decreases and soil depth increases, there is a notable decrease in root density. Overall, the findings from this research offer foundational insights for advancing efforts to enhance root characteristics, thereby mitigating drought and enhancing the resilience of chickpea varieties to drought stress.
 
Conclusions
The results showed that Line FLIP07-20C had the highest root length, root length density and root water content compared to other lines, but none of the lines were superior in terms of all root traits. The obtained information about the characteristics of the roots of the studied lines can be used to improve drought-resistant chickpea lines.

Abstract Introduction
Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha^-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha^-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha^-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha^-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 
Conclusions
The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

Abstract Introduction
Bean is one of the most important legumes worldwide for direct human consumption and it is a rich source of protein and carbohydrates. Bean is weak in competing with weeds due to its slow growth during the early stages. Therefore, competition with weeds causes a significant reduction in grain yield at the end of the growing season. Weeds and crops are always competing for obtaining nutrients, water, light and space. Weed competition is a kind of nonliving stress, which effect on plant yield. The photosynthetic capacity of plants depends on abiotic factors such as the quality and quantity of light. Each of the photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids absorb light at a different wave length. The rate of photosynthesis and biomass production in plants is also largely dependent on the chlorophyll content of leaves. The weed interference in the plant growth maybe caused a change in the content of carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments in plant leaves. Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, with different morphological and genetic characteristics, show different responses in the presence of weeds, which may ultimately result in possible difference in yield. Measurement of growth indices is necessary to study the competitive ability of species during the growth period.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of different chemical and non-chemical weed control managements on the yield of determinate and indeterminate bean varieties, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. This field experiment was carried out in Behshahr, Mazandaran, in 2021. The first factor was different weed control methods: application of trifluralin herbicide as pre-sowing 2.5 liters per hectare; application of trifluralin herbicide 2.5 liters per hectare + one weeding; wheat mulch in the amount of two tons per hectare; application of bentazon 50% of the recommended dose; application of bentazon 75% of the recommended dose; application of bentazon 100% of the recommended dose; weed-free control and control with weed infestation and the second factor includes bean cultivars: Negin variety (determinate growth type) and Sadri variety (indeterminate growth type). Weeds were sampled at flowering and final harvesting stages, and weed species, density, and dry weight of weeds were measured. Also, photosynthetic pigments and yield were investigated.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that weed species in the field were from 9 plant families and included 10 species. From the total species observed in the field, 4 species have C₄ photosynthetic pathway, 4 species have C₃ photosynthetic pathway and one species has CAM photosynthetic pathway. The Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. species had the highest frequency and Chrozophora tinctoria and Physalis alkekengi had the lowest frequency in the field. In all three stages (21 days after planting, flowering and final harvesting stages), the highest density and dry weight of weeds were observed in the control treatment without weeding, and among the weed management treatments, mulch and bentazon 100% treatments caused a decrement in the density and dry weight of weeds in both Negin and Sadri cultivars. Based on the results, the highest chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were observed in both Negin and Sadri cultivars in the weed-free control treatment, and the lowest values were in the control treatment without weeding. Also, the control treatment without weeding had the highest amount of carotenoids in Negin cultivar (0.41 mg.g^-1 fresh weight) and in Sadri cultivar (0.37 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), while the lowest ones in Negin and Sadri cultivar (0.29 and 0.28 mg.g^-1 fresh weight, respectively) was observed in the weed-free control treatment. The highest seed yield of Negin and Sadri cultivar (1957.11 and 2426.01 kg.ha^-1, respectively) were observed in the weed-free control treatment.
 
Conclusions
In general, it can be concluded that the Sadri cultivar with higher competitive ability has performed better against the weed than the Negin cultivar. Among the weed management treatments, the non-chemical management of mulch and the chemical treatment of bentazon 100% had better performance.

Abstract Introduction
The increasing demands for pulse crops and the lack of water resources in most parts of Iran, especially in dry areas, need to employ new strategies to increase water productivity of pulse crops. One of the new methods in managing water and soil resources is the use of zeolite as a storage tank, which prevents wastage and increases the efficiency of irrigation water particularly in light soils. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of different amounts of zeolite and irrigation interval on growth and yield indices in Pak cultivar of white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
 
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different amounts of zeolite and irrigation interval on the growth and grain yield in Pak cultivar of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a farm located in the bojnord city - north Khorasan in the agronomic year 2023-2024. The study factors included 7, 10 and 13 days irrigation interval in the main plot and three levels of zeolite in the soil (0 (no use), 5 and 10 t.ha^-1) in the sub plots. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.4 statistical package and figures were drawn by Excel program. Mean comparison were arranged by least significant differences in the 95% probability.
 
Results and Discussion
The results revealed that the white bean plants attained their shortest height across all three irrigation levels when zeolite was not applied in the plots. Conversely, when a zeolite level of 10 t.ha^-1 was introduced, there was an observed increase of 18.15% in the number of nodes per plant compared to scenarios where no zeolite was utilized. The highest level of zeolite consumption caused an increase of 13.88% in the seed weight compared to the level of no zeolite consumption. The highest seed yield of 4651.5 kg.ha^-1was recorded in the 7 day irrigation interval and zeolite consumption of 10 t.ha^-1. The lowest amount of electrolyte leakage related to irrigation interval of 10 and 7 days and consumption of 10 t.ha^-1 of zeolite was 14.8 and 12.34%, respectively. The consumption of 10 t.ha^-1 of zeolite caused a 21% increase in protein compared to the non-use of zeolite in white beans, and with the increase of the irrigation frequency from 7 to 10 days, although the amount of seed protein decreased, it did not have a significant difference with the level of irrigation once every 7 days. And when the irrigation cycle reached once every 13 days, the amount of seed protein decreased significantly by 6.8% compared to the irrigation cycle once every 7 days. It was also found that the addition of 10 tons of zeolite per hectare to the soil caused a 41.5% decrease in the amount of proline in white bean leaves compared to the absence of zeolite. In this research, it was found t.hat the level of 10 t.ha^-1 the highest biological yield of 13475 kg.ha^-1 recorded and it increased by 29.2% compared to the no zeolite consumption. By reducing the irrigation interval to 10 and 7 days, with the increase of zeolite consumption, the harvest index increased, and in the meantime, the highest index related to the irrigation cycle of 7 days and zeolite consumption of 10 tons was 35.5%.
 
Conclusions
Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that water stress resulted in a reduction in the growth characteristics and overall performance of white bean plants. The lowest values ​​of parameters calculated in this research were observed at the level of no zeolite consumption and irrigation cycle of 13 days, and their highest values ​​were observed at the level of zeolite of 10 t.ha^-1 and irrigation cycle of 7 days, which shows that Zeolite, help more water absorption and water return when the plant needs water, and increase the growth of different plant tissues and production of more products. Overall, it can be inferred that applying zeolite at a rate of 10 t.ha^-1, particularly in conjunction with a 7-day irrigation cycle, can optimize the yield and growth characteristics of white beans, specifically the Pak cultivar. However, we recommend further investigation into higher levels of zeolite application across various soil textures to enhance our understanding and refine cultivation practices.

Abstract Introduction
The highest concentration of protein is found in plant-based sources, whereas animal protein production tends to be more challenging and costly compared to plant-derived proteins. Within plant sources, legumes emerge as a primary reservoir of protein. A notable proportion of protein compounds within legumes boast relatively high nutritional value. The amount of protein in most plants of the legume family, including beans, is reported between 18 and 32%. guar or cluster bean (Cyampsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) is an annual plant from the legume family, which is cultivated in dry plains as an alternative crop due to its high tolerance to drought and salt conditions. This plant, like most legumes, is important in the balance of soil mineral elements in agricultural systems due to its ability to symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Planting date and optimal plant density are two effective factors to achieve the potential performance of plants. Considering the importance of guar as an edible, industrial, fodder and medicinal product, it seems necessary to conduct research on the growth response of this plant to management factors, especially the date and density of plant planting. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of planting date and row spacing on guar plant as an alternative plant for the climatic conditions of southern Kerman and other similar climates, in order to achieve the highest yield and grain quality.
 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out as split plots based on the completely randomized blocks design with three replications in the research farm of South Kerman Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center (Jiroft) in two years 2018-2019. Jiroft region has a latitude of 57 degrees and 32 minutes north and a longitude of 28 minutes and 32 degrees east and is located at an altitude of 628 meters above sea level. The experimental treatments include planting date as the main factor in six levels (10 and 25 May, 9 and 24 June, 9 and 24 July) and seed planting intervals as secondary factors in four levels (20, 30, 40 and 50 cm).
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the maximum dry weight of leaves and stems, the number of leaves in the secondary stem, the height of the plant and the length of the pod were observed on the date of 24 June and the row spacing was 50 cm, and in all planting dates, increasing the row spacing led to an increase in the mentioned traits. The comparative analysis of average planting dates reveals that the highest metrics were achieved on June 9th. This includes a 43% increase in the number of pods per plant, a 23% increase in the number of grains per pod, a 66% increase in biological yield, a 45% increase in grain yield, and an 18% increase in harvest index. The highest leaf surface index (15%) and number of leaves in the main stem (91%) was observed on the 24 June. In general, with the delay in planting after early June (9 June) to late June (24 June), the yield and yield components of guar gradually decreased and reached the lowest value. The results comparing the mean effect of row spacing showed the highest number of pod per plant and seeds per pod at 50 cm row spacing, but the highest grain yield was obtained at 30 and 40 cm row spacing.
 
Conclusions
In general, among the planting dates, guar planting in June to early July in Jiroft region is the best planting date. While, early planting (May) and late planting (late July) were not favorable for guar and led to a decrease in plant yield. Therefore, in order to obtain the best yield and agronomic characteristics of guar plant in the south of Kerman province and similar conditions, it is recommended to cultivate this plant from early June to early July and at a row distance of 30 to 40 cm, because in the mentioned dates and row spacing, the plant makes the best use of environmental factors and with the reduction of competition between the plants, its performance and components increase Because.

Abstract Introduction
Beans are one of the cheap and important sources of high-quality vegetable protein, which is present in the diet of many people in developing countries and completes the cereal protein. Bean seeds have almost as much energy per unit weight as cereal seeds, and their protein content varies from 20-25% (about twice that of cereal). With 8-14% protein content, bean straw is very suitable fodder for livestock. The production of vegetable protein of grains has several advantages over animal protein in terms of cost and consumer health. Among other features of this plant, we can point to the ability to coexist with air nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their role in productivity, as well as strengthening and improving the physical properties of the soil. Through the ability of nitrogen fixation in these plants, placing them in rotation helps the stability of agricultural systems. At present, the largest area of bean cultivation is in the form of traditional cultivation and bean irrigation is also in the form of flooding. In this production method, more than 15,000 cubic meters of water is consumed. This amount of water consumption, along with the lack of proper productivity of other factors in production, has caused beans to be one of the least efficient products in terms of water consumption efficiency.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of four irrigation methods on the damage of weeds, two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and bacterial blight disease in chitti bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a research study was conducted in 2022 and 2023 at the Bean Research and Education Center in Khomein, Iran. Despite employing a field with uniform conditions, the study was designed as a multi-location (regional) experiment using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation methods were categorized into four treatment levels: classical sprinkler irrigation, New-fit sprinkler irrigation, rain flat irrigation, and drip tape irrigation. Different types of chitti bean cultivars with three growth habits were randomly sown in these locations.
 
Results and Discussion
The experimental results showed that the irrigation method had a significant effect on seed germination percentage and bean plant height. The highest and lowest seed germination percentage and plant height were associated with drip tape irrigation and classical sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Also, the type of irrigation significantly impacted weed density, total biomass of weeds, the intensity of two spotted spider mite infestation, and bacterial blight disease. The highest weed density and biomass were observed in the New-fit and classical sprinkler irrigation methods, and the classical sprinkler irrigation exhibited the highest incidence of bacterial blight disease, too. Conversely, the lowest values for these parameters were obtained with the drip tape irrigation method. However, the highest damage caused by two spotted spider mite was observed in the drip tape irrigation method, while the lowest damage by two spotted spider mite was present in the classical sprinkler irrigation method. Furthermore, both irrigation method and bean cultivar significantly affected bean grain yield. The highest grain yield (293.6 g.m^-2) was associated with drip tape irrigation, while the lowest yield (225.4 g.m^-2) was observed in the classical sprinkler irrigation treatment. Among the different bean cultivars, the highest grain yield (274.1 g.m^-2) was obtained from the Kousha cultivar. One of the important solutions in achieving the goals of reducing water consumption and increasing the efficiency of water consumption in bean cultivation is the implementation of pressurized irrigation instead of conventional cultivation. Pressure irrigation methods in planting beans reduce water consumption to a great extent and increase the efficiency of water consumption. The two main methods of irrigation under pressure in the country are the drip tape method and the fixed classical sprinkler with a movable sprinkler, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages. In addition to the positive aspects of increasing yield, drip tape irrigation method in bean planting will help to further reduce water consumption.
 
Conclusions
In general, the experiment results demonstrated that drip tape irrigation not only increased seed germination percentage and plant height in different bean cultivars, but also led to higher grain yield compared to other irrigation methods. Additionally, the presence of weeds and bacterial blight disease were reduced in the drip tape irrigation method.