Iranian Journal Pulses Research

Abstract This research was carried out at the Research Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University in growing season of 2011-2012. The aim of research was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nano-iron chelate and bacterization of mesorhizobium bacteria on root nodulation, growth, grain yield and yield components of chickpea under rainfed conditions. A randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments (T1: control; non-inoculated and non-foliar application, T2: seed inoculation with mesorhizobium bacteria, T3: foliar application of nano fertilizer at flowering stage, T4: seed inoculation+ foliar application at flowering stage, T5: foliar application at podding stage, T6: seed inoculation + foliar application at podding stage, T7: foliar application at flowering and podding stages and T8: seed inoculation + foliar application at flowering and podding stages) were used. The effect of treatments on all traits (except harvest index) was significant. Based on mean comparisons, maximum values for traits of plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grain per plant, 1000-seeds weight, biological and grain yields, number and dry weight of root nodule were achieved at T8 treatment. However, there is no significant difference for grain and biological yields between T4 and T8 treatments. Therefore, inoculation of chickpea seeds with mesorhizobium bacteria and foliar application of nano-iron chelate in either flowering stage or flowering + podding stages can produce the highest root nodulation, agronomic indices and grain yield.

Abstract Effect of seed priming by salicylic acid and application of controlled water stress in flowering stage on some physiological characters such as relative water content, chlorophyll index, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, stomatal conductance, and leaf internal CO2 concentration was investigated on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. cv. Parastoo) plants. Experiment was done as a split block design with 3 replications in 2008-2009 at Research Farm of Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanjan. Factors were including controlled water stress as main plot in 2 levels (well watering and water shortage stress from initiation of flowering until 50% flowering of plot) and priming with salicylic acid as subplot factor in 5 levels involving 0, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600 µM. Results showed that effect of water stress and salicylic acid was significant on physiological traits. Water deficit reduced gas exchange and photosynthesis rate. On the other hand, seed priming enhanced relative water content, photosynthetic rates, transpiration rates, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index compared to untreated plants. Also, leaf internal CO2 concentration was lower in this plants compared to untreated plants. It shows protective effects of salicylic acid against drought-stress. In general, among salicylic acid concentrations, 2700 µM treatment had the highest values in measured traits. In this treatment both in normal and stressed conditions photosynthesis rate was highest compared to untreated plants. In 3600 µM in all traits there was a decline compared to 2700 µM treatment. It shows that this hormone in higher concentrations has a preventing effect in physiological process.

Abstract This experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with four replications in 2011-2012 growing season. The experimental factors were Selenium in four levels 0, 6, 12 and 18 g ha-1 and salicylic acid in three levels 0, 100 and 200 mg L-1. Results showed that foliar application of selenium at rate of 12 and 18 g ha-1 decreased ion leakage by 11.6 and 18.8% compared with control, respectively. The treatments interaction effects showed that maximum grain yield equal to 1687.6 kg ha-1 was recorded from 200 mg L-1 salicylic acid along with 18 g ha-1 selenium that increased by 30.79% compared with control. The highest selenium concentration equal to 2119 ppb was obtained from 100 mg lit-1 salicylic acid along with 18 g ha-1 selenium that increased by 3.9 times compared with control. The maximum grain protein equal to 20.8% belonged to treatment of 100 mg L-1 salicylic acid along with 12 g ha-1 selenium that increased by 3.8% compared with control.

Abstract Nowadays, protection of environment and safe agricultural production are an important aims of the sustainable agriculture. Also, in attention to abundance of saline soil and water resources in the country, the present research was designed to evaluate PGPR inoculation effect on some morphological and physiological traits of two green bean plant cultivars under salinity stress conditions. A greenhouse experiment was designed on factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with four replications at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University in 2012. The treatments consist of salinity (sodium chloride) in four levels (0, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 dS.m-1), two cultivars (landrace and Hybrid) and pretreatment of PGPR at two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation with Azospirillium brazilence and Azotobacter chroococcum). The results showed that interaction effect of cultivar and bacteria were significant on all physiological parameters, fresh and dry weights and leaf area. Bacteria inoculation increased leaf area with 11 % ratio than non-inoculation treatments. Also, interaction effect of cultivar and salinity were significant in all physiological parameters, shoot fresh weight, leaf fresh and dry weight, leaf area, petiol dry weight and yield except SPAD value. The maximum amount of pod yield with 3.6 gr per plant was observed in hybrid cultivar and 2.5 dS.m-1 salt stress treatment. Interaction effect of bacteria and salinity were significant in all biochemical traits, leaf fresh weight, leaf area, petiol fresh and dry weights and yield. Bacteria inoculation influenced pod yield in all levels. The results exhibited 2.5 dS.m-1 salt stress level and bacteria inoculation treatment with 34% obtained higher amount of pod yield ratio than non-inoculation treatment. In conclusion, results of this research represent the benefit role of PGPR on amelioration of biochemical, morphological parameters and plant growth improvement under mid salt stress conditions

Abstract Salinity is the major limiting factor for plant growth and crop productivity. Salt stress is effective on physiological characteristics, morphology, anatomy, chemical composition and water content of plant tissue. Pulses are the second of food source after the cereals for human. Among the Pulses, the bean has special importance. In order to investigate the effect of silicon on the physiological, quality and quantity characteristics of common bean, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomize completely design with 3 replications in the research greenhouse of Agriculture faculty of Birjand university in 2011. Treatments were including of 5 levels soil salinity (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ds.m-1) and 4 levels silicon (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mM). The results of analysis of variance showed that the increasing of salinity caused significant reduce in leaf water content, total dry weight, protein content, protein yield and grain yield. But in contrast, salinity caused a significant increase in proline concentration and the concentration of soluble sugars of the plant. Silicon is also imposed a significant effect on leaf water content and proline concentration in leaves. Finally it could be concluded that using of Si in salinity condition reduced harmful effects of salinity on the physiological, quality and quantity characteristics of the bean plant.

Abstract In order to evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol on some physiological characteristics of chickpea under drought stress, an experiment was conducted as a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in 2011 at the Recearch center of plant for Sciences in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The first factor was different levels of methanol including, 0 (control), 20, 25, 30, 35 volumetric percentage (v/v), which were used as foliar applications at three times during growth season of chickpea, with 10 days intervals. Second factor was drought stress condition in two levels 25 and 100 percent of field capacity. Results showed that there was significant difference (P 0.01) between methanol levels concentrations regarding to chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid, total chlorophyll content, assimilation CO2, relative water content, chlorophyll feluorecence (Fv\Fm) and membrane stability coefficient. Spraying with 30% volume level significantly increased chlorophyll a and b content, assimilation CO2 and relative water content compared to control. There was no significant difference on chlorophyll feluorecence (Fv\Fm) between methanol levels, but there was significant increase compared to control. Effects of drought and methanol were not significant differences on carotenoid and relative water content but on the chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll feluorecence (Fv\Fm), interacellular CO2 and membrane stability coefficient were significant (P 0.05).

Abstract Among the environmental stresses, salinity is a major limiting factor in world legumes production is considered. In this study, sodium chloride and Salicylic acid interaction on growth parameters were investigated in greenhouse with factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications. The plant consisted of three cultivars of lentil (Kimiya, Kermanshah and Gachsaran), exposed to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 60 and 120 mM NaCl) and solution sprayed by salicylic acid (0, 0.2 and 0.5 mM) were used. In plants only exposed to sodium chloride, with the increase of sodium chloride concentration, chlorophylls, carotenoids and relative water content decreased compared to control while, amount of soluble sugar, electrolyte leakage, MDA, proline and amount of sodium and chloride accumulation increased. In plants exposed to sodium chloride and Salicylic acid, compared with those were only exposed to salinity, in the same concentration of sodium chloride photosynthetic pigments and relative water content were higher, and amount of soluble sugar, electrolyte leakage, MDA, proline and amount of Na accumulation decreased compared to plants only exposed to sodium chloride. The result showed that spray of Salicylic acid (as an antioxidant) caused resistance against salt stress and decreased side effects of sodium chloride in Lens culinaris Medik. Kimia variety in foliar application with 0.2 mM salicylic acid and high NaCl levels had the highest relative water content, proline, soluble sugars, chlorophyll and carotenoid.

Abstract In order to evaluate of yield and yield components of chickpea genotypes, path analysis set to facilitate the selection of high yielding varieties in limited irrigation. Research was canducted in 2010-2011 growing season at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, by using seven drought tolerante genotypes (recommended from a previous research) in a randomized complete block experimental design with four replications. Plots irrigated twice, first after planting and the second was in late flowering stage. Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in seed weight, number of primary branches, type of plant growth, number of seeds per plant, harvest index and seed yield (P≤0/05). Analysis showed maximum correlation between biological yield and seed yield (r = +0.64**), followed by harvest index with seed yield (r = + 63/0**) and Type of plant growth. (r =+ 44/0**). Stepwise regression introduced number of primary and secondary branches, number of pod per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield, harvest index, Days to pod formation and maturationPath analysis introduced harvest index, biological yield and number of seeds per plant, as important characters, that should be selected indirectly. Principal components analysis, identified five components that explained more than 76 % of the seed yeild variation.

Abstract In order to identify the plant parasitic nematodes of pulse fields in Northern Khorasan province, 41 soil and root samples were collected from rhizosphere of Pisum sp., Phaseoulus sp., Lens sp. during 2011 and 2012. The nematodes were extracted by combined sieving and centrifugal-flotation method of Jenkins (1969) and transferred to glycerin by using method of De Grisse (1969). The permanent slides were prepared and the nematodes were studied by light microscopy. In this study, 11 species from seven genera belonging to Tylenchina and Aphelenchina were identified as follows: Aphelenchus avenae, Aphelenchoides limberi, A. spicomucronatus, Ditylenchus adasi, D. tenuidens, Filenchus cylindricaudus, F. thornei, Geocenamus tenuidens, Helicotylenchus vulgaris, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei. Among these species, Ditylenchus adasi is new record for nematode fauna of Iran.

Abstract Common bacterial blight (CBB) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli is a serious disease of bean fields in Iran and the world. Chemical control of CBB is inefficient, therefore the use of resistant genotypes with stability production is the most suitable alternative. Stability and adaptability of 26 bean genotypes yield in the presence and absence of CBB were evaluated in Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Center of Markazi Province, in 2007 and 2008 using regression analysis, the additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) and muir methods. The best genotype in regression analysis, based on yield, regression coefficient and deviation from regression was 21407. In AMMI analysis, the first two interaction principal component axes (IPCA1 & IPCA12) explained 90% of the genotype×environment interaction. Biplot of yield mean and IPCA1 showed that genotypes 21407 and 21275 were the most stable with high yield. In muir method, 21% and 79% of the genotype×environment interaction belonged to heterogeneous variance (HV) and imperfect correlation (IC), respectively. In this method the genotype 21410 had the least total sum of squares of genotype × environment interaction, so it was the most stable genotype. According to all results, the best genotype was 21407 based on stability, yield and resistant to CBB.

Abstract In last two decades, considerable attempts have been made to introduce new botanical based insecticides. In this study, repellent effects of the essential oils taken from Lavandula angustifolia and Zataria multiflora on Callosobruchus maculatus adults were evaluated. The essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger apparatus. Bioassays were conducted under 30±1ºC, 60±5% RH and dark condition. The results indicated that L. angustifolia oil was more repellent than Z. multiflora oil. Also repellent effects of both oils on males were greater than those on females. The repellent activity rate of was % on adults essential oil at concentration of males and females The essential oils analysis by GC-MS showed that the main compounds of L. angustifolia oil were linalool, 1,8-cineol, rosefuran epoxide, menthone, isomenthol and dihydro carvone (trans) and those of Z. multiflora oil were thymol, linalool and p-cymene. According to these results, it seems that these two essential oils especially L. angustifolia oil are potentially good candidates for protection of stored products against C. maculatus.

Abstract Legumes are rich sources of protein and consider a good alternative to make a protein films. In this study, central composite design to investigate the simultaneously effect of the grasspea protein isolates (2 - 10 percent), glycerol (0.5 - 7%) and oleic acid (0 - 2%) on properties of edible films made from grasspea protein isolates, such as thickness, density, percentage of solubility in water, acid and alkaline, and permeability to water vapor and oxygen were used. The result shows that increasing protein and glycerol concentrations were significantly increased water vapor permeability and increasing in concentrations of oleic acid decreased it signifcantly. Solubility in water and acid by increasing the protein content decreased and with increasing glycerol and oleic acid increased (P