ارزیابی عملکرد و نسبت برابری زمین در کشت مخلوط گیاه دارویی بالنگو (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) و نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) تحت تأثیر طول دوره رقابت علف‌های‌هرز

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به منظور بررسی امکان کشت مخلوط بالنگو و نخود، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح آماری بلوک کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 95-1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. تیمارها شامل نسبت‌های مختلف کشت مخلوط افزایشی نخود/ بالنگو (100/0 ، 100/25 ، 100/50 ، 100/75 ، 100/100 و 0/100) و دو تاریخ وجین علف‌های‌هرز (50 و 70‌روز پس از کاشت) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تاریخ وجین تأثیر معنی‌داری بر عملکرد زیست‌توده و دانه بالنگو و نخود داشت، به‌طوری‌که وجین علف‌های‌هرز 70‌روز پس از کاشت به ترتیب منجر به کاهش 24 و 55‌درصدی زیست‌توده و عملکرد دانه نخود و افزایش 7/5 و 4/20‌درصدی زیست‌توده و عملکرد دانه بالنگو شد. با افزایش نسبت کشت بالنگو در مخلوط با نخود کاهش معنی‌داری در عملکرد دانه و زیست‌توده نخود و افزایش عملکرد بالنگو مشاهده شد. بالاترین مقدار شاخص نسبت برابری زمین (52/1) در نسبت کشت100/25 (نخود/ بالنگو) مشاهده شد. براساس نتایج این پژوهش، نسبت کشت100/25 (نخود/ بالنگو) می‌تواند در کشت مخلوط این دو گیاه مفید، اقتصادی و قابل‌توصیه باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluating yield and land equivalent ratio in mixcropping of balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) affected by weed competition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Arash Maghsoudi 1
  • Ebrahim Eizadi-Darbandi 2
  • Elnaz Molaei 2
1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Intercropping is considered to be important for a lot of reasons like optimizing water and soil resource uses, increasing water use efficiency, increasing pest, diseases and weed control efficiency, decrease pesticide application, increasing total production and land equivalent ratio and sustainability in agroecosystems. Production of medicinal plants requires sustainable and healthy methods like intercropping for increasing quantity and quality of medicinal plants and intercropping is one of the methods has special attention for this approach. Intercropping would be more successful when one of the intercropping components is legume, because of their nitrogen fixation ability and compatability to different planting patterns in mixcropping systems. Chickpea and balangu planting date is close together, with these abilities of legumes and planting dates it seems that their intercropping is an ideal purpose for medicinal production. It is possible that chickpea nitrogen fixation is useful for balangu growth and allelopathic effects of balangu with planting patterns with increasing canopy covering on the ground and shading on weed seedling would be helpful to improve quality and quantity in this intercropping. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chickpea and balangu intercropping possibility, land equivalent ratio and effect of weed control in this intercropping pattern.
 
Matherials & Methods
The experiment was arranged as a factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications and performed at research farm of faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2015-16 growing season. Treatments considered six planting (Chickpea/Balangu) ratio: (100/0, 100/25, 100/50, 100/75, 100/100, 0/100) and two weeding time (50 and 70 days after planting). Chickpea and balangu were planted at the same time (March 11th) in the way that Balangu is planted on the top of the rows with high density and chickpea is planted on the sideways of rows in recommended density (40 plant/m-2). When Balangu is emerged, they were thinned to its recommended density (40 plantm-2). Because of good precipitation during the growing season, one time irrigation was applied at the beginning of chickpea poding and balangu seed ripening. To determine the effect of treatments, chickpea and balangu biomass and seed yield were determined at the end of the season. To compare the performance of intercropping, land equivalent ratio (LER) was used, according to below equation:
 
 
 
RYa: relative intercropped yield out of monocropped plant a yield Ryb: relative intercropped yield out of monocropped plant b. Yab: yield of plant a intercropped with plant b, Yba: yield of plant b intercropped with plant a, Yaa: yield of plant a monocropped, Ybb: yield of plant b monocropped. The data statistical analysis and draw the figures were performed by Mini Tab Ver 17 and Excel 2013. Means were also compared by Fisher test at 5% probability level.
 
 
Results & Discussion
Results indicated that chickpea biomass and seed yield decreased as 24 and 55 percent respectively in 70 days after planting weeding time. However, biomass and seed yield were increased 5.7 and 20.4 percent respectively in balangu. By increasing balangu density, balangu seed yield increased but chickpea seed yield decreased significantly. The highest seed yield and biomass in both crops is observed in their monocropping and 50 days after planting weeding time. When weeds were left longer (70 days after planting) to compete with the crops, yield was decreased. Results showed that land equivalent ratio (LER) in 100/25 (chickpea/ balangu) plant ratio were the highest (1.52) and is useful and economic in chickpea and balangu intercropping.
 
Conclusion
Based on the results, by increasing the balangu density, biomass and seed yield of chickpea was significantly decreased even at the lowest balangu density. However increasing balangu density, increased balangu yield. It seems balangu is competing with chickpea strongly. However balangu planting at 10, 20 and 30 plant m-2 density with 40 plant m-2 chickpea increased land equivalent ratio by more than 1, especially in the lowest balangu density (10 plant m-2) when weeding were did at the 70 days after planting. Generally intercropping of balangu and chickpea in Mashhad and the same climate condition recommended in 100/25 (chickpea/ balangu) plant ratio (40 chickpea plant m-2 + 10 balangu plant m-2) and it would be useful and economic.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Additive series
  • Intercropping
  • Land equivalent ratio (LER)
  • Plant ratio

مراجع

1. Alikamar, R., Hejazi, A., Akbari, Gh.A., Kafi, M., and Zand, E. 2006. Study on different densities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) intercropping with emphasis on weed control. Iranian Journal of field Crops Research 4(1): 83-94. (In Persian with English Summary).
2. Al‐Thahabi, S.A., Yasin, J.Z., Abu‐Irmaileh, B.E., Haddad, N.I., and Saxena, M.C. 1994. Effect of weed removal on productivity of chickpea and lentil (Lens culinaris Med.) in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 172(5): 333-341.
3. Alizadeh, Y., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2008. Yield, yield components and potential weed control of intercropping bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(2): 553-541. (In Persian with English Summary).
4. Banik, P., Midya, A., Sarkar, B.K., and Ghose, S.S. 2006. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: advantages and weed smothering. European Journal of Agronomy 24(4): 325-32.
5. Bigonah, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Jahan, M. 2015. Effect of intercropping on biological yield, nitrogen percentage and morphological traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 12(3): 1-16. (In Persian).
6. Dai, C.C., Chen, Y., Wang, X.X., and Li, P.D. 2012. Effects of intercropping of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with the medicinal plant Atractylodes lancea on soil microecology and peanut yield in subtropical China. Journal of Agroforestry Systems 87(2): 417-426.
7. Ehteshami, M.R., Chaichi, M.R., Galeshi, S., and Khalesroo, S. 2006. The effect of weeding time on yield and yield components in soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Agriculture Science Nature Resource 32(1): 71-79. (In Persian with English Summary).
8. Frenda, A.S., Ruisi, P., Saia, S., Frangipane, B., Di Miceli, G., Amato, G., and Giambalvo, D. 2013. The critical period of weed control in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and chickpea in Mediterranean areas. Journal of Weed Science 61(3): 452-459.
9. Fujii, Y., Parvez, S.S., Parvez, M., Ohmae, Y., and Iida, O. 2003. Screening of 239 medicinal plant species for allelopathic activity using the sandwich method. Journal of Weed Biology and Management 3(4): 233-241.
10. Ghanbari, A., Ghadiri, H., Ghaffari Moghadam, M., and Safari, M. 2010. Evaluating the effect of corn (Zea mays L.) and Squash (Cocurbita spp.) intercropping on weed control. Iranian Journal of Field Crops 41(1): 43-55. (In Persian).
11. Giller, K.E. 2001. Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems. Cabi. p. 423.
12. Ghosh, P.K. 2004. Growth, yield, competition and economics of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)/Cereal fodder intercropping systems in the semi-arid tropics of India. Journal of Field Crops Research 88(2): 227-237.
13. Hasan zadeh avval, F., Koocheki, A., Khazaei, H., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2010. Effect of density on savory (Satureja hortensis L.) yield and cultural traits intercroped with persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(6): 920-929. (In Persian).
14. Heshmatnia, A., and Armin, M. 2015. Effects of weed interference duration on yield and yield components of chickpea in two different production systems. Journal of Crop Production 9(1): 25-47. (In Persian with English Summary).
15. Information Network of Rahe Dana. 2016. Kalat is Most Important Producers of Balangu in Iran. Available at Webb site http://www.dana.ir/news/737938.html (verified 30 January 2018).
16. Javanshir, A., Dabagh Mohammadi Nasab, A., and Hamidi, A. 2000. Ecology of Intercropping. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad press. p. 222 (In Persian).
17. Jeyabal, A., and Kuppuswamy, G. 2001. Recycling of organic wastes for the production of vermicompost and its response in Rice-Legume cropping system and soil fertility. European Journal of Agronomy 15(3): 153-70.
18. Koocheki, A., Hosseini, M., and Hashemi Dezfuli, A. 1995. Sustainable Agriculture (translated). Jahad Daneshgahi of Mashhad Press. p. 118 (In Persian).
19. Koocheki, A., Solouki, H., and Karbor, S. 2016. Study of ecological aspects of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and bung bean (Vigna radiata L.) intercropping in weed control. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 7(2): 27-44. (In Persian with English Summary).
20. Kumar, B.R.M., Mansur, C.P., Salimath, P.M., Alagundagi, S.C., and Sarawad, I.M. 2009. Influence of different row proportions on yield components and yield of rabi crops under different intercropping systems. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences 22(5): 1087-1089.
21. Maffei, M., and Mucciarelli, M. 2003. Essential oil yield in peppermint (Mentha piperita)/soybean strip intercropping. Journal Field Crops Research 84(3): 229-40.
22. Mahfouz, H., and Migawer, E.A. 2004. Effect of intercropping, weed control treatment and their interaction on yield and its attributes of chickpea and canola (Brassica napus L.). Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 19(4): 84-101.
23. Malvi, G.C., Saraf, C.S., and Pandey, S.L. 1988. Effect of intercropping on yield attributes of chickpea and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different soil moisture regimes and population densities. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 160(4): 224-227.
24. Mardani, F., and Balouchi, H.R. 2013. Effect of intercropping on the yield and some quantitative and qualitative traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-greacum L.) and anise (Pimpinella anisum L.). Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production 25(2): 2-16. (In Persian).
25. Maingi, J.M., Shisanya, C.A., Gitonga, N.M., and Hornetz, B. 2001. Nitrogen fixation by common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in pure and mixed stands in semi-arid south-east Kenya. European Journal of Agronomy 14(1): 1-2.
26. Mazaheri, D. 1998. Intercropping. Tehran University Press. p. 262 (In Persian).
27. Mirhashemi, S.M., Koocheki, A., Parsa M., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2009. Evaluating the benefit of ajowan (Carum copticum) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) intercropping in different levels of manure and planting pattern. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(1): 259-269. (In Persian with English Summary).
28. Mohammadi, G., Javanshir, A., Khooie, F.R., Mohammadi, S.A., and Zehtab Salmasi, S. 2005. Critical period of weed interference in chickpea. Journal of Weed Research 45(1): 57-63.
29. Morris, R.A., Villegas A.N., Polthanee, A., and Centeno, H.S. 1990. Water use by monocropped and intercropped cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) grown after Rice (Oryza sativa L.). Agronomy Journal 82(4): 664-668.
30. Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., Rezvani Moghadam, P., and Beheshti, A. 2001. Agroecolgy. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. p. 453 (in Persian).
31. Odhiambo, G.D., and Ariga, E.S. 2001. Effect of intercropping maize (Zea mays L.) and beans on Striga incidence and grain yield. In: Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference p. 11-15.
32. Parsa, M., and Bagheri, A., 2008. Pulses. Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. p. 524 (In Persian).
33. Pandita, A.K., Shah, M.H., and Bali, A.S. 2000. Effect of row ratio in Cereal-Legume intercropping systems on productivity and competition functions under Kashmir conditions. Indian Journal of Agronomy 45(1): 48-53.
34. Puramir, F., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., and Ghorbani, R. 2010. Evaluation of different plant combanation on chickpea and sesame (Sesamum indicum) in additive series intercropping. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(3): 393-402. (In Persian).
35. Putnam, D.H., and Allan, D.L. 1992. Mechanisms for overyielding in a sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)/mustard (Sinapis alba L.) intercrop. Agronomy Journal 84(2): 188-195.
36. Rahimian, H., Salahi Moghadam, M., and Galavi, M., 1992. Intercropping of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) with corn and sunflower. Agriculture Science and Technology Journal 9(1): 48-58. (In Persian).
37. Rodrigo, V.H.L., Stirling, C.M., Teklehaimanot, Z., and Nugawela, A. 1997. The effect of planting density on growth and development of component crops in rubber/banana intercropping systems. Journal of Field Crops Research 52(1): 95-108.
38. Roohi Nogh, A., Koocheki, A., Ghorbani, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Bakhshaei, S. 2017. Effect of organic fertilizers and plant density on qualitative charecteristics of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana Benth.). Journal of Agroecology 9(2): 314-325. (In Persian with English Summery).
39. Sarparast, R., and Sheikh, F. 2010. Effect of different herbicides on weed control on chickpea. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 1(1): 33-42. (In Persian with English Summery).
40. Seyedi, M., Hamzei, J., Ahmadvand, G., and Abutalebian, M.A. 2012 The evaluation of weed supression and crop production in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-Chickpea intercrops. Journal of Processing of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops 2(3): 102-114. (In Persian with English Summary).
41. Sobkowicz, P. 2006. Competition between triticale (Triticosecale Witt.) and field beans (Vicia faba var. Minor L.) in additive intercrops. Journal of Plant Soil and Environment 52(2): 47-54.
42. Song, Y.N., Zhang, F.S., Marschner, P., Fan, F.L., Gao, H.M., Bao, X.G., Sun, J.H., and Li, L. 2007. Effect of intercropping on crop yield and chemical and microbiological properties in rhizosphere of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), maize (Zea mays L.), and faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Biology and Fertility of Soils 43(5): 565-574.
43. Zargari, A. 1990. Medical Plants. Tehran University Press. p. 923.
44. Zarghani, H., Nezami, A., Khajeh hoseini, M., and Izadi Darbandi, E., 2013, The effect of weeding time on yield and yield components of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Irainian Journal of Field Crop Research 10(4): 690-698. (In Persian with English Summary).
45. Zhang, N.N., Sun, Y.M., Li, L., Wang, E.T., Chen, W.X., and Yuan, H.L. 2010. Effects of intercropping and Rhizobium inoculation on yield and rhizosphere bacterial community of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Biology and Fertility of Soils 46(6): 625-639.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار