The reaction of vegetative and reproductive growth of Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) to humic acid application with irrigation water in different planting densities

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

• Farnaz Ahmadi Nouraldinvand
• Mohamad Reza Moradi Telavat
• Seyed Ataollah Siadat
• Ali Moshatati

Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.v10i2.69397

Abstract

Introduction
Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) is a drought-tolerant annual leguminous crop grown mostly in India and Pakistan. Each pod contains 5 to 12 seeds. Seeds vary from dull-white to pink to light gray or black. Like other legumes guar is an excellent soil-building crop with respect to available nitrogen. Guar is one of the unique beans which its large spherical endosperm contains a significant amount of galactomannans that is used in a wide range of food and industrial applications. Organic fertilizers have a positive effect on agricultural sustainability due to the fact that authentic and safe products are important. One of the most important compounds in soil structure is humic acid, which results from organic matter decomposition in the soil. Humic acid is one of the most organic substances that has been used today due to its advantages, such as improving drainage and soil air, causing the development of microorganisms, increasing plant yield and growth, and also reducing the consumption of other fertilizers. In general, humic substances are used as soil modifiers. One of the important factors in plant cultivation is to determine the most suitable planting density. Plant density is an important agronomic factor that manipulates micro environment of the field and affects growth, development and yield formation of crops. The optimum planting density of the plants results in a balance in the competition between the plants and the maximum yield. So, this research focuses on the reaction of vegetative and reproductive growth of guar (cluster bean) to humic acid application with irrigation water in different planting densities in Ahvaz region.
 
Materials & Methods
In order to evaluate the response of vegetative and reproductive growth of guar or Cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) to the humic acid application with irrigation water in different planting densities, an experiment carried out in summer of 2016. This experiment was performed by split plot design with three replications based on randomized complete block design in research farm of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan Ahwaz. The experimental factors were four levels of humic acid, control (H₀), 5 Kg.ha^-1 (H₁), 10 Kg.ha^-1 (H₂) and 15 Kg.ha^-1 (H₃) as the main factor in main plots and plants spacing on the planting row with four densities, 35 plant.m^-2 (D₁), 55 plant.m^-2 (D₂), 75 plant.m^-2 (D₃) and 95 plant.m^-2 (D₄) as sub factor in sub plots. In this experiment, measured traits were plant height, number of branches in the plant, leaf number, grain yield, dry matter, number of pod and number of grain/m², number of grain in pod and harvest index. Data were analyzed by SAS 9.4 and mean comparison performed by Duncan test in 5% probability level.
 
Results & Discussion
Analysis of variance of data results showed that the main effect of humic acid and plant density were significant at p≤0.01, for all the measured traits (except the number of grains in pod and harvest index). So that as humic acid level increased, the traits increased. Also with increasing in plant density; all studied traits increased significantly except the number of branches of the plant. The interaction effect between humic acid and plant density were significant (p≤0.01) on grain yield, dry matter, plant height and the number of plant.m^-2. The results also showed that the effect of humic acid and plant density on leaf number was significant at 1% level. So that, the highest plant height and leaf number per m² were obtained from density of 95 plants.m^-1 and 15 Kg.ha^-1 humic acid application. So, with increasing plant density, leaf number increased. Generally, the highest grain yield (4209.7 Kg.ha^-1) and dry matter (17955.6 Kg.ha^-1) was under 15 Kg.ha^-1 application of humic acid and the density of 95 plant.m^-2 and the lowest grain yield (1433.2 Kg.ha^-1) and dry matter (4812.6 Kg.ha^-1) was under zero humic acid level and density of 35 plant.m^-2.
 
Conclusion
Generally, the results showed that humic acid solution has a positive effect on the plant, therefore, using humic acid, produced highest grain yield, dry matter and morphological traits. Also, with increasing plant density, traits such as plant height, leaf number, yield and yield components increased but the number of branches decreased. In general, 15 Kg.ha^-1 application of humic acid and the density of 95 plants.m^-2 produced the highest yield.

Keywords

• Dry matter
• Grain yield
• Morphology
• Organic fertilizer
• Plant height

---

References

1. Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., and Idowu, O.J. 2004. Application of organic and inganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27: 1163-1181.
2. Akhtar, L.H., Bukhari, S., Salah-ud-Din, S., and Minhas, R. 2012. Response of new guar strains to various row spacing. Pakistan Journal of Agriculture Science 49(4): 469-471.
3. Al-Ramamneh, E. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris in response to population density. Industrial Crops and Products 30(3): 389-394.
4. Amiri, M. 2015. Effect of Humic Acid Potassium and Seaweed Extract (kclp) on Growth and Yield of Corn (Zea mays var. sacchrata). MSc. Thesis. Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan.
5. Armin, M., and Moslehi, J. 2012. Yield and yield components response of chickpea to time and different levels of humic acid foliar application. Agronomy Journal 8(4): 1-9. (In Persian).
6. Ayas, H., and Gulser, F. 2005. The effect of sulfur and humic acid on yield components and macronutrient contents of spinach. Journal of Biological Sciences 5(6): 801-804.
7. Dandge, M.S., Peshattiwar, P.P., Ingle., Y.V., and Mohod, P.V. 216. Effect of different application method of humic acid on nodulation and seed yield of soybean. International Journal of Agriculture Sciences 12(2): 339-343.
8. Eilkaee, M.N., and Emam, Y. 2003. Effect of plant density on yield and yield components in two winter oilseed Rape (Brassica napus ) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 34(3): 509-515. (In Persian).
9. Farjami, A.A., and Nabavi Kalat, S.M. 2014. Effect of humic acid and phosphorus on the quantity and quality of Marigold (Calendula officinalis ) yield. Scientific Journal of Ecophysiology of Crop Plants 4(28): 443-452. (In Persian).
10. Ghorbani, S., Khazaei, H.R., Kafi, M., and Bannayan-Aval, M. 2010. The effect of humic acid in irrigation water application on yield and yield components maize (Zea mays ). Journal of Agroecology 2(1): 111-118. (In Persian).
11. Ghulam Nabi, A. 2013. Cluster Bean (Guar) in Pakistan. Agronomy Center Pivot Irrigation System Valley Irrigation Pakistan (private) L
12. Giasuddin, A.B.M., Kanel, S., and Choi, H. 2007. Adsorption of humic acid onto nanoscale zerovalent iron and its effect on arsenic removal. Environment Science Technology 41(6): 2022-
13. Gresta, F., Sortino, O., Santonoceto, C., Issi, L., Santonoceto, C., and Santonoceto, Y.M. 2013. Effects of sowing times on seed yield, protein and galactomannans content of four varieties of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) in a Mediterranean environment. Industrial Crops and Products 41: 46-52.
14. Jagtap, D.N., Waghule, L.D., and Bhale, V.M. 2011. Effect of sowing time, row spacing and seed rate on production potential of cluster bean. Advnace Research Journal of Crop Improvement 2(1): 27-30.
15. Jahan, M., Sohrabi, R., Doayee, F., and Amiri, M.B. 2014. Effect of super absorbent water application in soil and humic acid foliar application on some agroecological characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Mashhad (Iran). Journal Agriculture 3(2): 71-90. (In Persian with English Summary).
16. Jamali, S.Z., Astaraei, A., and Emami, H. 2015. Effects of humic acid, compost and phosphorus on growth characteristics of basil herb and concentration of micro elements in plant and soil. Ejgcst 6(2): 187-205. (In Persian).
17. Khajuee Nejhad, G., Rezai, A., and Mousavi, S.F. 1994. Effect of different irrigation regimes and plantdensity on yield and other characteristics of white bean (line no. 11805). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 25(3): 1-15. (In Persian).
18. Khan, R.U., Ahad, A., Rashid, A., and Khan, A. 2001. Chickpea production as influenced byrow spacing under rain fed conditions of Dera Ismail Khan. Journal of Biological Science 1(3):103-104.
19. Lio, W., Tollenaar, M., Stewart, G., and Deen, w. 2004. Response of corn grain yield to spatial and temporal variability in emergence. Crop Science 44(3): 847-854.
20. Lopez Bellido, F.J., Lopez Belido, L., and Lopez Belido, R.J. 2005. Competition, growth and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba ). Europe Journal Agronomy 23: 359-378.
21. Majnoon Hosseini, N., Mohammadi, H., Poustini, K., and Zeinaly Khanghah, H. 2003. Effect of plant density on agronomic characteristics, chlorophyll content and stem remobilization percentage in chickpea cultivars (Cicer arietinum ). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science 34(4): 1011-1019. (In Persian with English Summary).
22. Majnoun Hosseini, N., Malek Maleki, F., and Alizade, H. 2011. Effect of plant density on seed yield and yield components of two lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris ). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 42(1): 33-40. (In Persian).
23. Moradi Telavat, M.R., and Siadat, S.A. 2012. Introduction and Production of Oil Seed C Publishers Training and Agricultural Promotion. (In Persian).
24. Moshatati, A., Moussawi, S.H., Siadat, S.A., and G.h. 2010. Effect of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of cow pea (Vigna sinensis L.) in Ahwaz. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3(3): 229-238. (In Persian with English Summary).
25. Nandini, K.M., Sridhara, S., Patil, S., and Kumar, K. 2017. Effect of planting density and different genotypes on growth, yield and quality of Guar. International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience 5(1): 320-328.
26. Nardi, S., Pizzeghello, D., Muscolo, A., and Vianello, A. 2002. Physiological effects of humic Substances on higher plants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34: 1527-
27. Ouda, B.A., and Mahadeen,Y. 2008. Effect of fertilizers on growth, yield, yield components, quality and certain nutrient contents in broccoli (Brassica oleracea). International Journal Agriculture 10: 627-632.
28. Pitia Lokose, R.Y. 2011. Effect of phosphorus fertilization on yield and yield components of three lines of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ). B.SC (Agriculture). Upper Nile University. p. 2.
29. Rahi, A.R., Davoudi Fard, M., Azizi, F., and Habibi, D. 2012. Effects of different amounts of humic acid and response curves in the Dactylis glomerata. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding 8(3): 15-28. (In Persian).
30. Regan, K.L., Siddique, K.H., and Martin, L.D. 2003. Response of Kabuli chickpea to sowing rate in Mediterranean type environments of south-western Australian. Journal of Experimental Agriculture 43: 87-97.
31. Samavat, S., and Malakouti, M.J. 2005. The need to use organic acids (humic and fulvic) to increase the quantity and quality of agricultural products. Technical Publication No. 463. Senate P Tehran. Iran. (In Persian).
32. Saxena, N.P. 1984. Chickpea. p 419-452. In: P.R. Goldsworthy and N.M. Fisher (Eds). Physiology of Tropical Field Crop. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
33. Shahsavan Markadeh, M., and Chamani, E. 2014. Effects of various concentrations and time of humic acid application on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of cut stock flower (Matthiola incana ‘Hanza’). Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Cultures 5(3): 157-171. (In Persian).
34. Sharif, M. 2002. Effect of Lignitic Coal Derived Humic Acid on Growth Yield of Wheat and Maize in Alkaline S NWFP Agriculture University, Peshawar.
35. Shojaee Ghadicollaei, M., Daneshian, J., Mobaser, H.R., and Nasiri, M. 2011. Affects different levels of nitrogen and plant density in canola (Brassica napus) yield in paddy field. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 6(4): 37-47. (In Persian).
36. Singh, S. 2014. An Analysis of Guar Crop in India. Gain Report Number: IN4035.
37. Soleymani, S. 2014. Evaluation of echo-physiologic and agronomic aspects of maize (Zea mays) and guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) intercropping under different levels of manure. MSc. Thesis. University of Zabol. (In Persian with English Summary).
38. Tadayyon, A., and Beheshti, S. 2016. Effect of foliar application of humic acid, Iron and Zinc on some characteristics of Negro (Guizotia abyssinica ). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 10(2): 283-396. (In Persian with English Summary).
39. Torabi Jafroudi, A., Hasanzadeh, A., and Fayaz Moghaddam, A. 2007. Effects of plant population on some of morph physiological characteristics of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ) cultivars. Pajouhsh and Sazandegi 74: 63-71. (In Persian with English Summary).