Improve the quality of two cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with using Phosphate and Zinc biofertilizers

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

• Kazem Khavazi ¹
• Mohamad Jafar Malakouti ²
• Farhad Rejali ¹

¹ Tarbiat Modares

² Nebraska University

10.22067/ijpr.v8i2.50917

Abstract

Introduction
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the richest seeds in legumes. It has special importance in the diet because it contains 20-25 percent protein, 60 percent carbohydrates, vitamins, dietary fiber, antioxidants, trace minerals and amino acids containing Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe). Mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) such as Azotobacter spp., and Pseudomonas spp. are able to increase uptake of nutrient elements particularly when they are applied with others. P solubilizing fungus and bacteria facilitate uptake of slowly diffusing nutrient ions such as phosphorus (P), Zn, Fe and increase their availability usually by increasing volume of soil exploited by plants, spreading external mycelium, secreting organic acids, production of dehydrogenase and phosphates enzymes and reducing rhizosphere acidity. Despite the high nutritional value of bean, it contains some antinutritional factors that caused to decrease this nutritional value with reducing the digestion and absorption of protein, minerals and trace elements. The main is phytic acid (PA), phenolic acid, tannin and trypsin inhibitors. PA has the ability to form bonds with divalent cations such as Fe, Zn, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). The high chelating capacity of PA reduces strongly availability of these elements and causes disturbances in the human gastrointestinal system. PA, phenolic compounds, tannin, and trypsin inhibitors can form bond with protein, fiber, carbohydrates, polysaccharides and other macromolecules and hence reduce enzyme activities, absorption and digestion of proteins and minerals. The main objective of this farm study was to evaluate the effect of P and Zn bio-fertilizers on decrease of antinutritional factors and improve seed quality in two cultivars of bean in Chaharmahal-va- Bakhtiari province.

Material & Methods
This field experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The treatments of this research consisted of two cultivars of Chiti bean (Talash and Sadri), four levels of P (P0: Control, P1: Chemical fertilizer on the basis of soil test, P2: 50 percent of recommended P + bio-fertilizer (P), and P3: bio-fertilizer (P)), three levels of Zn (Zn0: Control, Zn1: 50 kg ha-1 Zinc sulphate, and Zn3: bio-fertilizer (Zn)). Bio-fertilizer (P) treatment consisted of using inoculum of P solubilizing bacteria from Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5 and three species of mycorrhizal fungi from Glomus species (Glomus etunicatum, Glomus intraradices and Glomus mosseae). Bio-fertilizer (Zn) treatment consisted of using inoculum of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MPFM and Pseudomonas fluorescent strain 187. Grain inoculation (5%) was done in shadow and after drying, inoculated grains were immediately cultivated. Two g of mycorrhizal fungus was applied under the grain hole just prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied from TSP at a rate of 100 and 50 kg ha-1 in P1 and P2 respectively, 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.7H2O in Zn1. After harvesting, seeds were prepared to measure antinutritional factors after grounding and passing from 60 mesh sieve. Phytic acid was measured by Haug and Lantzsch (1983), phenolic acid and Tannin by Makkar et al. (1993) and trypsin inhibitors by Kakade et al. (1974). Statistical analysis was done with SAS statistical software. Duncan’s multiple range test was used to compare means.

Results & Discussion
The results revealed that there were not significant difference between two cultivars on studying factors. The least of these characteristics except of phytic acid (PA) were obtained from Sadri cultivar. The effect of P treatment was significant on studying parameters, in a way P2 treatment in comparison with control treatment caused to decrease PA (11.5%), phenolic acid (35%), Tannin (38%) and trypsin inhibitors (25%). The effect of Zn treatment was also significant on studying parameters. The minimum of studying factors were obtained from Zn1 and Zn2 treatments. The effect of interaction between P and Zn was significant on these anti-nutritional factors except the trypsin inhibitors. The least rate of PA, phenolic acid, tannin were obtained 3.90 g kg-1, 3.13 and 2.45 mg GAE g-1 sample respectively from P2Zn1 and the rate of trypsin inhibitor 4.70 mg TI g-1 sample from P2Zn2. In this study, the dual inoculation with phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused to increase nutrient uptake and improve in seed enrichment especially nutrients with antioxidant capacity such as Zn and Fe. It can be done with increasing mycorrhizal symbiosis, root colonization phytosiderophores secretion, organic acids and chelated compounds production. Our results were similar to findings of other researches. Reducing in antinutritional factors related to production of enriched seeds with using phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers.

Conclusion
The results of this research revealed that individual and dual using of phosphate and Zn bio-fertilizers caused to decrease antinutritional factors in two studied cultivars of bean. Microorganisms used in biological treatments caused to increase the availability and uptake of nutrient elements such as N, P, Fe and Zn. It can be done with increasing mycorrhizal symbiosis, root colonization and enhance secretion of siderophore compounds, organic acids and chelate compounds. Also, plant hormones and enzymes promoting growth increased with using of these bio treatments. Application of bio-fertilizers in this study caused to decrease antinutritional factors in both cultivars with increase of growth and nutrient uptake and seed bioenrichment with iron (Fe) and Zn Seed bio-enrichment with Fe, Zn and other nutrients caused to indirectly decrease in PA and other antinutritional factors. In this research, the best treatment was using of mycorrhizal fungi with Azotobacter inoculant and 50 kg ha-1 TSP and 50 kg ha-1 ZnSO4.7H2O, (P2Zn1 treatment).

Keywords

• Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
• Mycorrhizal fungi
• Phytic acid
• Tannin
• Zinc

---

References

1. Abbas-Zadeh, P., ُSavaghebi, G.R., Asadi-Rahmani, H., Rejali, F., Farahbakhsh, M., Motashare-Zaade, B., and Omidvari, M. 2012. The effect of pseudomonas fluorescent on increasing of zinc compounds dissolution and improve its uptake by bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Irannian Journal of Soil Research 26(20): 195-205. (In Persian).

2. Ariza-Nieto, M., Blair, M.W., Welch, R.M., and Glahn, R.P. 2007. Screening of iron bioavailability patterns in eight bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes using the Caco-2 cell in vitro model. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 7950-7956.

3. Aura, M.D., Gina, V.C., and Mathew, W.B. 2010. Concentrations of condensed tannins and anthocyanins in common bean seed coats. Journal of Food Research 43: 595-601.

4. Balakrishnan, N., and Subramanian, K. 2012. Mycorrhizal symbiosis and bioavailability of micronutrients in maize grain. Mydica Journal 57: 129-138.

5. Baojin, X., Sam, K., and Chang, C. 2009. Total Phenolic, Phenolic Acid, Anthocyanin, Flavan-3-ol, and Flavonol Profiles and Antioxidant properties of Pinto and Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by thermal processing. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 57: 4754-4764.

6. Cakmak, I., Pfeiffer, W.H., and Mcclafferty, B. 2010. Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc and iron. Cereal Chemistry 87: 10-2.

7. Caldas, G.V., and Blair, M.W. 2009. Inheritance of condensed tannin content andrelationship with seed color and pattern genes in common bean (Phaseolusvulgaris L). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Genetics 119: 131-142.

8. Campion, B., Raymond, P.G., Aldo, T., Domenico, P., Enrico, D., Francesc, S., Roberto, C., Valeria, D., and Erik, N. 2013. Genetic reduction of antinutrients in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed, increases nutrients and in vitro iron bioavailability without depressing main agronomic traits. Field Crops Research 141: 27-37.

9. Cardenas, L.A., Leonel, J., Costa, M.B., and Reis, F.P. 2010. Zinc bioavailability in different bean as affected by cultivar type and cooking conditions. Journal Food Research 43: 573-581.

10. Chong, W.J., Xiu, X.H., and Shao, J.Z. 2007. The iron-deficiency induced phenolics accumulation may involve in regulation of Fe (III) chelate reductas. Plant Signaling and Behavior 2,5: 327-332.

11. Coelho, C.M.M., and Benedito, V.A. 2008. Seed development and reserve compound accumulation in common been (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Seed Science Biotechnology 2: 42-52.

12. Erdal, I., Yilmaz, A., Taban, S., Eker, S., Torun, B., and Cacmak, I. 2002. Phytic acid and phosphorous concentrations in seeds of wheat cultivars grown with and without zinc fertilization. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25: 113-127.

13. Fageria, N.K., and Santos, A.B. 2008. Yield physiology of dry Bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 983: 1004.

14. Gupta, P., Dhawan, K., Malhotra, S.P., and Singh, R. 2000. Purification and characterization of trypsin inhibitor from seeds of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Journal of Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 22: 433-438.

15. Hamouda, R., and Farfour, S. 2013. Enhancement the growth and phenolic content of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) by applying some biofertilizer agents. Journal of Food Studies 2(2): 20-30.

16. Haug, W., and Lantzsch, H. J. 1983. Sensitive method for the rapid determination of phytate in cereal products. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 34: 1423-1426.

17. Hanan, A., Taie, A., El-Mergawi, R., and Radwan, S. 2008. Isoflavonoids, Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids Profiles and Antioxidant Activity of soybean seeds as affected by organic and bioorganic fertilization. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environment Science 4: 207-213.

18. Heimler, D., Vignolini, Dini, P.M.G., and Romani, A. 2005. Rapid tests to assess the antioxidant activity of Phaseolus vulgaris L. dry beans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 3053-3056.

19. Kaya, M., Küçükyumuk, Z., and Erdal, I. 2009. Phytase activity, phytic acid, zinc, phosphorus and protein contents in different chickpea genotypes in relation to nitrogen and zinc fertilization. African Journal of Biotechnology 8: 4508-4513.

20. Kakade, M.L., Rackis, J., McGhee, J.J.E., and Puski, G. 1974. Determination of trypsin inhibitor activity of soy bean products: a collaborative analysis of an improved procedure. Journal of Cereal Chemistry 51: 376-382.

21. Khattab, R.Y., and Arntfield, SD. 2009. Nutritional quality of legume seeds as affected by some physical treatments 2. Antinutritional factors. Journal of Food Science and Technology 42: 1113-1118.

22. Luthria, D.L., and Pastor-Corrales, M.A. 2006. Phenolic acids profiles of beans commonly consumed in United States. Bean Improvement Cooperative Annual Report 49: 6-7.

23. Makkar, H.P.S., Bluemmel, M., Borowy, N.K., and Becker, K. 1993. Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 61: 161-165.

24. Malakouti, M. J. 2011. Towards improving the quality of consumed breads in Iran: A Review, Iranian Journal Food Science and Technology 8(31): 11-22. (In Persian With English Summery).

25. Marschner, H., and Dell, B. 1994. Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Plant and Soil 159: 89-102.

26. Mohammadi, M. 1986. Report of soil science of Chaharmahal-Va-Bakhtiari (Shahrekord and Brojen regions). Soil and Water Research, Technical Publication p.: 696 & 239.

27. Mohammadi, M., Malakouti, M.J., Khavazi, K., Rejali, F., and Davoodi, M.H. 2015. The effect of bio-fertilizer and chemical fertilizers (phosphate and zinc) on yield, nutrient concentration and phytic acid/zinc molar ratio of two cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Soil biology 2(2): 99-110. (In Persian).

28. Motashare-Zadeh, B., and Savaghebi, Gh. R. 2012. The effect of balanced fertilization on nutrients, concentration and phytic acid to zinc molar ratio in Iranian red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars at different stages of seed development. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology. Greenhouse Culture 3(9): 73-84. (In Persian With English Summary).

29. Rejali, 2005. A brief review on mycorrhiza symbiosis: Part 1: Principales and practices. Agricultural Research and Education Organization. Soil and Water Research Institute. Technical Bulletin No.468, 35 Pages.

30. Ryan, M.H., McInerney, J.K., Record, I.R., and Angus, J.F. 2008. Zinc bioavailability in wheat grain in relation to phosphorus fertilizer, crop sequence and mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Science Food Agriculture 88: 1208-1216.

31. Saharan, K., Khetarpaul, N., and Bishnoi, S. 2002. Antinutrients and protein digestibility of faba bean and rice bean as affected by soaking, dehulling and germination. Journal of Food Science and Technology 39: 418-422.

32. Sangronis, E., and Machado, C.J 2007. Influence of germination on the nutritional quality of Phaseolus vulgaris and Cajanus cajan. Journal of LWT 40: 116-120

33. Sarathambalm, C., Thangaraju, M., Paulraj, C., and Gomathy, M. 2010. Assessing the Zinc solubilization ability of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus in maize rhizosphere using 65 labelled Zn compounds. Indian Journal of Microbiology 50(1):103-109.

34. Shahab, S., and Ahmed, N. 2008. Effect of various parameters on the efficiency of zinc phosphate solubilization by indigenous bacterial isolates. Africam Journal of Biotechnology 7(10): 1543-1549.

35. Smith, S.E., and Read, D.J. 2008. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis, Third Ed. Academic Press, London. UK.

36. Subramanian, K.S., Tenshia, V., Jayalakhshmi, K., and Ramachandran, V. 2009. Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus intraradices)-(fungus aided) in zinc nutrition of maize. Journal of Agriculture Biotechnology Sustainable Development 1: 029-038.

37. Takahashi, R., Ohmori, R., Kiyose, C., Momiyama, Y. Ohsuzu, F., and Kondo, K. 2005. Antioxidant activities of black and yellow soybeans against low density lipoprotein oxidation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53: 4578-4582.

38. Umeta, M., Clive, E.W., and Habtamu, F. 2005. Content of zinc, iron, calcium and their absorption inhibitors in foods commonly consumed in Ethiopia. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18: 803-817.

39. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizers. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.

40. Welch, R.M. 2002. Breeding strategies for biofortified staple plant foods to reduce micronutrient malnutrition globally. Journal of Nutrition.132: 495-499.

41. Xu, B.J., and Chang, S.K.C. 2008. Total phenolic content and antioxidant properties of eclipse black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by processing methods. Journal of Food Science 73: 19 -27.