Evaluating the Effect of Sowing Date and Mycorrhiza on Physiological Performance and Yield of Lentil Cultivars in Dry Land Conditions in Dashtroom Yasouj Region

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Hossein Shojaei-Moghadam
• Mohsen Movahhedi-Dehnavi
• Alireza Khoshroo
• Hamidreza Balouchi
• Alireza Yadavi

Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty Agriculture, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.2024.81269.1053

Abstract

Introduction
Legumes are considered the second source of human food after cereals and have significant nutritional and agricultural values. Because of the drought resistance of lentils cultivars, dryland production of spring types could be important in the suitable regions with the proper temperature and rainfall, such as temperate regions of Yasouj county, Iran. To achieve the optimum yield of lentil using the most suitable cultivar (s) in the most proper sowing date is substantial. Mehraban (2018) reported that the highest grain yield in rainfed conditions belonged to Bilehsawar variety, which may be due to the higher weight of 1000 seeds in this variety. Also, in this research, it was found that the delay in planting by reducing the growth period and drought and heat stress in the seed filling stage causes a decrease in vegetative growth (a decrease in the branches in the plants and also a decrease in biological yield) and also a decrease in yield components such as the number of seeds. To mitigate end season drought stress in dryland lentil cultivation mycorrhizae symbiosis can be a proper practice. In a study by Piade Koohsar (2017), it was reported that the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on grain yield in lentil plant was significant. He also reported that the highest seed yield from inoculation with mycorrhizal fungus in the Kimia variety was 1939 kg.ha^-1, and the lowest seed yield was observed in the control treatment (no inoculation) in the Kalpoosh native stand at 1339 kg.ha^-1. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of sowing date and mycorrhiza symbiosys on physiological and yield traits of lentil cultivars in dry land conditions in Dashtroom, Yasouj, I.R.Iran.
 
Materials and Methods 
This research was carried out in 2020-2021 cropping season in the Deshtrum region, located 10 kilometers from the center of Boyar Ahmad county of Kohgiluyeh and Boyar Ahmad provinces, with average rainfall of 726 mm. The experiment performed as a split factorial based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The main factor was three planting dates (January 28, February 12, and February 27) and the sub-factor was interaction of two factors including three lentil varieties (Sena, Bilehsawar, and Local accession) and mycorrhiza (Funneliformis moseae) (with and without). Leaf proline, chlorophyll, and soluble sugars content, as well as, seed nitrogen and phosphorus were measured. Plant height, grain and biological yield were measured. The data were analyzed using SAS software after performing the normality test and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test, and in the case of interaction being significant slicing was done and means compared by L.S.Means procedure.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed significant effect of the triple interaction of sowing date, mycorrhiza, and cultivar on grain nitrogen percentage, total chlorophyll, leaf soluble sugars content, and biological yield. Also, the results showed that the interaction of cultivar and mycorrhiza on the plant height, grain phosphorus, total chlorophyll, the content of leaf soluble sugars, and biological yield were significant. The interaction of sowing date and variety for all studied traits except plant height were significant. Under the January 28 sowing date and mycorrhiza application, Sanna variety obtained the highest percentage of grain nitrogen (4.59%), total chlorophyll content (0.45 mg.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}), leaf soluble sugar content (about 120 mg.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}) and biological yield (3243.23 kg.ha^-1) in. Also, the highest seed phosphorus percentage (1.67%), leaf proline content (13.16 µmol.g^-1 leaf _{fresh weight}), and seed yield (1152.90 kg.ha^-1) related to the planting date of January 28 and Sanna variety. Application of mycorrhiza in nearly all of the traits had better performance compared with non mycorrhiza application. We saw that all cultivars had the best nutrient absorption, physiological characteristics and yield under mycorrhizal inoculation.
 
Conclusions
The use of mycorrhizal fungi increased all the measured traits. Also, in all three sowing dates, the variety Sanna had the highest performance in terms of the studied traits. However, the grain yield and biological yield of the January 28 sowing date were higher than other sowing dates; therefore, it can be said that the early planting (28 January) of lentil cultivars in the Dashtrum region helps the plant to achieve the maximum benefit from the growing season. On the other hand, the best result was obtained from the use of mycorrhizal fungi. According to the above conditions, the variety of Sanna along with the use of mycorrhizal fungi is the best variety for early planting in dryland conditions in the Dashtrom region.

Keywords

• Chlorophyll
• Nitroge
• Phosphorusn
• Proline

Main Subjects

• Agronomy

---

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

Adavi, Z., & Baghabani-Arani, A. (2018). The effect of planting date and symbiotic mycorrhiza fungi on physiological and growth characteristics of three cultivars of potato. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 10(1), 39-56. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22108/IJPB.2018.106547.1053

Agricultural Statistics, (2022). Annual Report. Ministry of Agriculture Press. https://www.maj.ir/Index.aspx. (In Persian)

Alipoor, S., Moradi Talavat, M.R., Siyadat, S.A., & Mosavi, S.H. (2017). Effect of planting date and phosphorus fertilizer surface on the morphological characteristics and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 7(2), 45-58. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/IJPR.V7I2.43382

Amiri, S.R., Parsa Motlagh, B., & Yazdani-Biouki, R. (2020). Effects of fall sowing dates and end of season drought stress on yield and yield components of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) in Saravan climate conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 50(3), 27-38. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJFCS.2019.260512.654490

Arnon, D., (1949). Copper enzymes isolated chloroplasts, polyphenol oxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1

Baghbani-Arani, A., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Mashhadi-Akbar-Boojar, M., & Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2017). Towards improving the agronomic performance, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments in fenugreek using zeolite and vermicompost under deficit water stress. Industrial Crops and Products, 109, 346-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.08.049

Bijhine, M., Asgharipour, M.R., & Sirousmehr, A. (2020). Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and phosphorus fertilizer on morphological and physiological traits of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L) in arsenic contaminated soil. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 8(33), 94-106. http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-1102-fa.html

Datta, S.K., Sarkar, M.A.R., & Uddin, F.M.J., (2013). Effect of variety and level of phosphorus on the yield and yield components of lentil. International Journal Agricultural Research Innovation Technology, 3, 78–82.

Emadi., N., Balouchi, H.R., & Jahanbin, S. (2013). Effect of drought stress and plant density on yield, yield components and some morphological characters of pinto bean (cv. C.O.S16) in Yasouj region. Electronical Journal of Crops Production, 5(2), 1-17. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Emami, A. (1996). Methods of plant analysis. Journal number 928. Soil and Water Research Institute.

FAO, 2020. FAOSTAT: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAO, Rome.

Fatima, K., Hussain, N., Pir, F.A., & Mehdi, M. (2013). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris). Elixir Applied Botany, 57, 14323–14325.

Fouad, M. O., Essahibi, A., Benhiba, A., & Qaddoury, A. (2014). Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of olive plants against oxidative stress induced by drought. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12, 763-771.

Ghobadi, F., Ghorbani Javid, M., & Sorooshzadeh, A., (2015). Effects of planting date and corm size on flower yield and physiological traits of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) under Varamin plain climatic conditions. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2(4), 276-265. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2015.8620

Habibzadeh, Y., Jalilian, J., Zardashti, M.R., Pirzad, A., & Eini, O. (2015). Some morpho-physiological characteristics of mung bean mycorrhizal plant under different irrigation regimes in field condition. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 38(11), 1754-1767. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2015.1043374

Heydarzade, M., Ehteshami, S.M.R., & Rabiee, M. (2020). Effect of planting date and plant density on qualitative characteristics, yield and yield components of guar Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. in Guilan province. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 9(39), 197-214.

Irigoyen, J.J., Emerich, D.W., & Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induced changes in concentrations of prolin and total soluble supers in modulated alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants. Physiological Planetarium, 84, 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1992.tb08764.x

Jan, N., Majeed, U., Andrabi, K. I., & John, R. (2018). Cold stress modulates osmolytes and antioxidant system in Calendula officinalis. Acta Physiologies Plantarum, 40, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-018-2649-0.

Karimi Jalilehvandi, T., Maleki Farahani, S., & Rezazadeh, A.R. (2017). Effects of sowing date and chemical fertilizer on seed vigor and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of Lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana Benth.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 33(1), 126-138. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2017.109717

Khalafallah, A.A., & Abo-Ghalia, H.H. (2008). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the metabolic products and activity of antioxidant system in wheat plants subjected to short-term water stress, followed by recovery at different growth stages. Applied Sciences Research, 4, 559-569.

Khorasani, Z., Nezami, A., Nasiri Mahalati, M., & Mohammadabadi, A. (2012). Evaluation of fall planting dates of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) ecotypes in Mashhad conditions. Iranian Journal of Filed Crops Research, 10(1), 43-52. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Mazlomi Mamyandi, M., Pirzad, A.R., & Jalilian, J. (2019). Effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and supplemental irrigation on yield, grain nutrients and plant residues of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 10(1), 75-90. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/IJPR.V10I1.63925

Mehraban, A. (2018). Evaluation of quality properties of lentil cultivars (Lens culinaris L.) in different sowing dates under rainfed condition. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 27(4), 107-119. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Mishra, B.K., Srivastava, J.P., Lal, J.P., & Sheshshayee, M.S. (2016). Physiological and biochemical adaptations in lentil genotypes under drought stress. Russian Journal Plant Physiology, 63, 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443716040117

Mishra, R.H. (2010). Soil Microbiology. Cbs Publishers & Distributors. 187 pp.

Mohammadi, E. Asghari, H.R., & Gholami, A. (2014). Evaluation the possibility of utilization of biological fertilizer mycorrhiza in phosphorus supply in chickpea cultivation (Cicer arietinum L.). Iranian Journal of Filed Crops Research, 11(4), 658-665. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Naseri, R., Siyadat, A., Soleymani, A., Soleymani, R., & Khosh-khabar, H. (2012). Effects of planting date and density on yield, yield components and protein content of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under rainfed conditions in Ilam province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 2(2), 7-18. https://doi.org/10.22067/IJPR.V2I2.19018

Niri, H.H., Tobeh, A., Gholipouri, A., Zakaria, R.A., Mostafaei, H., & Jamaati-e-Somarin, S. (2010). Effect of nitrogen and phosphorous on yield and protein content of lentil in dryland condition. American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural Environmental Science, 8, 185–188.

Novozamsky, I., van Eck, R., Van Schouwenburg, J. C. & Walinga, I., (1974). Total nitrogen determination in plant material by means of the indophenol blue method. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 22, 3-5. https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v22i1.17230

Ouji, A., & Mouelhi, M. (2017). Influence of sowing dates on yield and yield components of lentil under semi-arid region of Tunisia. Journal of New Sciences, 38(17), 2077-2082.

Paquine, R., & Lechasseur, P. (1979). Observation surune method dosage labiredans les de plantes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1851-1854. https://doi.org/10.1139/b79-233

Piade Koohsar, A.A. (2017). Effect of mycorrhiza and rhizobium inoculation on yield and yield component of lentil cultivars in dryland condition. MS.c. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran. 103 pp. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Rahimi, A., Dovlati, B., Amirnia, R., & Heydarzade, S. (2019). Effect of application of mycorrhizal fungus and Azotobacter on physiological characteristics of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. under water stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Plant Biology, 11(4), 1-18. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22108/IJPB.2019.116384.1149

Rasheed, M., Jilani, G., Shah, I.A., Najeeb, U., & Iqbal, T. (2010). Improved lentil production by utilizing genetic variability in response to phosphorus fertilization. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B Soil and Plant Science, 60, 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710903183562

Sabaghpour, S.H., Pouralibaba, H.R., Mehraban, A., Mostefayee, H., Pezeskhpour, Kerimizadeh, R., Seyedi, F., Mahmoodi, A.A., Ferayedi, Y., Kamel, M., Alahyari, N., Baghdadi, H., & Shahab, M.R. (2016). Bilehsevar, a new large seed size and tolerance to Fusarium wilt lentil cultivar for dryland condition of Iran. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops, 5(1), 35-45. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/RAFHC.2016.109596

Sawan, Z.M., Fahmy, A.H. & Yousef, S.E. (2011). Effect of potassium, zinc and phosphorus on seed yield, seed viability and seedling vigor of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 57, 75-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340903222328

Seyed Sharifi, R., Abbaspour, S., & Seyed Sharifi, R. (2016). Effect of nitrogen rates and seed inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on grain weight per plant, chlorophyll content and fertilizer use efficiency of triticale. Plant Production Technology, 8(1), 163-177. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22084/PPT.2016.1772

Seyed Sharifi, R., & Khorramdel, S. (2016). Effects of nano-zinc oxide and seed inoculation by plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on yield, yield components and grain filling period of soybean (Glycine max L.). Iranian Journal of Filed Crops Research, 13(40), 738-753. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/GSC.V13I4.32491

Seyed Sharifi, R., & Namvar, R. (2015). The effect water limitation on some physiological and phytochemical traits of safflower in conditions of application of endomycorrhiza and iron and zinc micronutrients. The second national conference of Iran's rainfed medicinal plants. Orumieh, Iran (In Persian with English Abstract)

Shabiri, S.S., Sadeghzadeh-Ahari, D., Shahab, M.R., Mostafaye, H., Kamel, M., Mahdyeh, M., Asharafi, J., Kheirgoo, M., & Baghdadi, H. (2019). Sana, a new variety of lentils suitable for spring cultivation in cold and dry regions. Promotional Journal of Rainfed Beans, 2(1), 17-30. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Sita, K., Sehgal, A., Kumar, J., Singh, S., Siddique, K.H.M., & Nayyar, H. (2017). Identification of high-temperature tolerant lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) genotypes through leaf and pollen traits. Frontiers Plant Science, 8, 744. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00744

Tanhaei, R., Yadavi, A.R., Movahedi Dehnavi, M., & Salehi, A. (2018). Effects of mycorrihza fungi and biofertilizer on yield and yield components of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 28(3), 278-291. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2023.19247.2438

Thalji, T., & Shalaldeh, G. (2006). Effect of planting date on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) nodulation and performance under semiarid conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(4), 477-482.

Togay, Y., Togay, N., & Dogan, Y. (2008). Research on the effect of phosphorus and molybdenum applications on the yield and yield parameters in lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.). African Journal Biotechnology, 7, 1256–126.