Investigation of Diversity of Root Traits of Chickpea Lines

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Zahra Shekari ¹
• Zahra Tahmasebi ¹
• Homayoun Kanouni ²
• Ali Asherf Mehrabi ³

¹ Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

² Department of Agricultural and Horticultural Research, Kurdistan Province Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Kurdistan, Iran

³ Biotechnology Department of Natural Resources, Agricultural Research, Education and Promotion Organization, Research Institute of Forests and Pastures of the Country, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.2024.80655.1051

Abstract

Introduction
Chickpea is the third most important grain legume and its seeds contain protein that is an important energy source for human. Drought diminishes crop yields and carries the potential to result in total crop failure. However, chickpeas are renowned for their superior drought tolerance compared to many other cool-season legumes. Given that water availability is the primary constraint on growth in arid conditions, optimal yields and crop production occur when plants efficiently absorb the limited soil moisture available. This feature will only be achieved through the compatibility mechanisms associated with the root system. Chickpea have a direct and deep root system that helps the plant absorb moisture from the lower layers of the soil. Therefore it has led to the prosperity of its cultivation in rainfed areas. Water absorption by the plant depends on the size of the root, its activity and distribution in the soil. Therefore, it seems that the understanding of plant root traits is necessary to further understand the mechanisms of drought resistance. In general, few studies have been done on the diversity of legume roots. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the diversity of root morphological traits of chickpea lines in order to use these traits to select drought-tolerant chickpea lines.
 
Materials and Methods
The plant materials of this experiment included 39 chickpea lines of Icarda origin, which were taken from the Kurdistan Research Center. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of Ilam University. Seeds were implanted in PVC tubes with a diameter of 10 cm and a length of 60 cm. A drip irrigation system was designed in such a way that an emitter was located inside each tube. With this method, the test tubes were in favorable conditions. In the greenhouse the temperature was under control and had a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius and an average humidity of 70% and the plants used natural light without any additional light. After 35 days of seed germination traits were measured. For this purpose, first the aerial parts of the plant were separated by scissors. After separating the roots from the PVC tubes, they were placed in ethanol with a concentration of 98% and after being transferred to the laboratory, they were stored in the refrigerator, then the traits were measured. Variance analysis of traits and average comparison of data was done with Duncans multi-range test using SAS software version 9.1.
 
Results and Discussion
All the measured traits had a good variation range among the studied chickpea lines that these results are consistent with previous studies. None of the lines showed superiority for all root traits. Line FLIP07-20C having the longest root length, can benefit from the water available in a larger volume of the soil profile. In the examination of rooting depth in grain legumes, such as chickpeas, it was observed that root length remains relatively stable across a broad spectrum of soil moisture levels. Root length is considered a crucial parameter in plant growth, as researchers posit that the length of roots per unit of soil volume is the most effective characteristic for assessing water and nutrient absorption by plants. In our current investigation, a significant disparity was noted between the highest and lowest root volumes. Root volume stands out as one of the plant's key attributes for absorbing water and nutrients. In this research, line FLIP 82-150C had the highest and line FLIP97-706C had the lowest specific root length. The specific root length is one of the important traits in showing the efficiency of the root in absorbing water and resistance to drought. When faced with drought stress, the plant assigns more dry matter to the root system in order to increase the absorption ability of the roots; as a result, there are changes in the morphological characteristics of the roots, such as an increase in the specific length of the root. The highest root density was observed in line FLIP09-149C. root density is a trait that is affected by root weight and volume. In the condition of drought stress, the decrease in root volume caused an increase in root density and at the end of the growth period, the decrease in root dry weight was more than the decrease in its volume, which ultimately led to a decrease in root density. Studies have indicated that as humidity decreases and soil depth increases, there is a notable decrease in root density. Overall, the findings from this research offer foundational insights for advancing efforts to enhance root characteristics, thereby mitigating drought and enhancing the resilience of chickpea varieties to drought stress.
 
Conclusions
The results showed that Line FLIP07-20C had the highest root length, root length density and root water content compared to other lines, but none of the lines were superior in terms of all root traits. The obtained information about the characteristics of the roots of the studied lines can be used to improve drought-resistant chickpea lines.

Keywords

• Drought stress
• Root volume
• Geometric structure
• Root length

Main Subjects

• Agronomy
• Response to biotic and abiotic stresses

---

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

Ashraf, M., & Hariss, P.J.C. (2013). Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Journal of Photosynthetica, 51(2), 163-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6

Akhavan, S., Shabanpour, M., & Esfahani, M. (2012). Soil compaction and texture effects on the growth of roots and shoots of wheat.‏ Water and Soil, 26(3), 727–735. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v0i0.14941

Arnon, I. (1972). Crop Production in Dry Region. Leonard hill Publishers London.

Bauhus, J., & Messier, C. (1999). Evaluation of fine root length and diameter measurements obtained using RHIZO image analysis. Agronomy Journal, 91(1), 142-147.‏ https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONJ1999.00021962009100010022X

Caird, M.A., Richards, J.H., & Donovan, L.A. (2007). Nighttime stomatal conductance and transpiration in C₃ and C₄ plants. Plant physiology, 143(1), 4-10.‏ https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.092940

Chen, Y., Ghanem, M.E., & Siddique, K.H. (2017). Characterizing root trait variability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm. Experimental Botany, 68(8), 1987-1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw368

Coohi chelecaran, N., Alizade, A., & Davari, K. (2015). The effect of different amounts of irrigation on root length density and corn yield in drip irrigation. Water Research in Agriculture, 29, 331-340.

Eshghizadeh, H.R., Kafi, M., Nezami, A., & Khoshgoftarmanesh, H. (2012). Studies on the role of root morphology attribution in salt tolerance of blue-panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) using artificial neural networks. Research on Crops, 13(2), 534-544.

Ganjeali, A., & Bagheri, A.R. (2010). Evaluation of morphological characteristics of root chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to drought stress. Iranian Journal Pulses Research, 1(2), 101-110. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/ijpr.v1i2.9225

Ganjeali, A., & Kafi, M. (2007). Genotypic differences for allometric relationships between root and shoot characteristics in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Pakistan Journal of Botany, 39(5), 1523-1531.

Ganjeali, A., Kafi, M., & Bagheri, A., (2010). Approaches from root studies on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Agricultural Sciences, 13(1), 179-189. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Ganjeali, A., Kafi, M., & Sabet Teimouri, M., (2010). Variations of root and shoot physiological indices in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in response to drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 3(1), 35-45. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2010.81

Hajabbasi, M.A. (2001). Tillage effects on soil compactness and wheat root morphology. Agricultural Science and Technology, 3(1), 67-77.‏

Harris, G.A., & Campbell, G.S. (1989). Automated quantification of roots using a simple image analyzer. Agronomy, 81(6), 935-938.‏ https://doi.org/10.2134/AGRONJ1989.00021962008100060017X

Hasanabadi, T., Ardakani, M.R., Rejali, F., Paknejad, F., Eftekhari, S.A., & Zargari, K. (2010). Response of barley root characters to co-inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum and Pseudomonas flouresence under different levels of nitrogen. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 9(2), 156-162.‏

Huang, B., & Gao, H. (2000). Root physiological characteristics associated with drought resistance in tall fescue cultivars. Crop Science, 40(1), 196-203.‏ https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI2000.401196X

Imtiaz, M. (2010). A quantitative genetic approach to drought tolerance in chickpea. ASA, CAAS. and SSSA International Annual Meetings Long Beach, California, 31 Oct.- 4 Nov.

Kashiwagi, J., Krishnamurthy, L., Upadhyaya, H.D., Krishna, H., Chandra, S., Vadez, V., & Serraj, R. (2005). Genetic variability of drought-avoidance root traits in the mini-core germplasm collection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Euphytica, 146(3), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-9007-1

Lalitha, N., Upadhyaya, H.D., Krishnamurthy, L., Kashiwagi, J., Kavikishor, P.B., & Singh, S. (2015). Assessing genetic variability for root traits and identification of trait‐specific germplasm in chickpea reference set. Crop Science, 55(5), 2034-2045. https://doi.org/10.2135/CROPSCI2014.12.0847

Mahanta, D., Rai, R.K., Mishra, S.D., Raja, A., Purakayastha, T.J., & Varghese, E. (2014). Influence of phosphorus and biofertilizers on soybean and wheat root growth and properties. Field Crops Research, 166, 1-9.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCR.2014.06.016

Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik, P.C., & Sohrabi, Y. (2011). Effect of drought stress and subsequent recovery on protein, carbohydrate contents, catalase and peroxidase activities in three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(10), 1255-1260.

Manschadi, A.M., Christopher, J., & Hammer, G.L. (2006). The role of root architectural traits in adaptation of wheat to water-limited environments. Functional Plant Biology, 33(9), 823-837. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP06055

Meskini-Vishkaee F, Mohammadi M.H, Neishaboori M.R, & Shekari F. (2016). Effect of soil moisture on wheat and canola root respiration rates in two soil textures. Plant Process and Function, 4, 177-188.

Muriuki, R., Kimurto, P.K., Towett, B.K., Vadez, V., & Gangarao, R. (2020). Study of root traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under drought stress. African Journal of Plant Science, 14(11), 420-435. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2019.1819

Musters, P.A.D., & Bouten, W. (2000). A method for identifying optimum strategies of measuring soil water contents for calibrating a root mater uptake model. Journal of Hydrology, 227, 273-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00187-0

Pedersen, A., Zhang, K., Thorup-Kristensen, K., & Jensen, L.S. (2009). Modeling diverse root density dynamics and deep nitrogen uptake – A simple approach. Plant and Soil, 32(1-2), 493-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0028-8

Purushothaman, R., Krishnamurthy, L., Upadhyaya, H.D., Vadez, V., & Varshney, R.K. (2017). Root traits confer grain yield advantages under terminal drought in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research, 201, 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.004

Ramamoorthy, P., Lakshmanan, K., Upadhyaya, H.D., Vadez, V., & Varshney, R.K. (2017). Root traits confer grain yield advantages under terminal drought in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Field Crops Research, 201, 146-161.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.004

Razavi Nasab, A., Shirani, H., Tajabadi pour, A., & Dashti, H. (2011). Effect of salinity and organic matters on chemical composition and root morphology of pistachio seedlings. Journal Crop Improvement, 13, 31-42.

Regan, K.L., Siddique, K.H.M., & Shackles, R.F. (2001). Kabuli chickpea production in the Ord River Area. Farmnote, 99. Department of Agriculture Western Australia.

Schenk, M.K., & Barber, S.A. (1979). Root characteristics of corn genotypes as related to p uptake 1. Agronomy, 71(6), 921-924. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1979.00021962007100060006x

Serraj, R., Krishnamurthy, L., Kashiwagi, J., Kumar, J., Chandra, S., & Crouch, J.H., (2004). Variation in root traits of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Grown under terminal drought. Field Crops Research, 88, 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCR.2003.12.001

Shaaban, M., Mansourifar, S., Ghobadi, M., & Parchin, R.A. (2012). Effect of drought stress and starter nitrogen fertilizer on root characteristics and seed yield of four chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Seed and Plant Production, 27(4), 101-120. (In Persian)

Sheldrake, A.R., & Saxena, N.P. (1979). Growth and development of chickpeas under progressive moisture stress. Stress Physiology in Crop Plants, 2, 465-483.‏

Turner, N.C., Wright, G.C., & Siddique, K.H.M. (2003). Adaptation of grain legumes to water-limited environment: Selection for physiological, biochemical and yield component characteristics for improved drought resistance. In: Saxena, N. P. (Ed.), pp. 43-80.

Wu, Y., & He, D., (2011). Advances in root hairs in Gramineae and Triticum aestivum. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(5), 1047-1050. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR10.020