Stability of some of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes by AMMI indices and biplots

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Rahmatollah, Karimizadeh ¹
• Payam Pezeshkpour ²
• Mohammad Barzali ³
• Mohammad Armion ⁴
• Peyman Sharifi ⁵

¹ Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gachsaran, Iran

² Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Khorram Abad, Iran

³ Golestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gonbad, Iran

⁴ Ilam Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Gorgan, Iran

⁵ Department of Agriculture and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Rasht, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.v12i2.2103-1006

Abstract

Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world after pea and bean and is rich in protein (21.7-23.4%), minerals (iron, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, potassium and magnesium), carbohydrates (41.1-47.4%) and vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E, K). The interaction of genotype by environment, as a response of genotypes to the environmental variation is a source of complexity for breeding programs and preparation of high yielding and stable genotypes. One of the most important ways to discover the nature of genotype by environment interaction is stability analysis, which identified the stable or compatible genotypes. Different methods for investigation of genotype by environment interaction and determination of stable genotypes have been reported, which generally include uni-variate and multivariate methods. One of the multivariate methods is AMMI analysis. The purpose of present study is the evaluation of the stability of chickpea genotypes using AMMI indices and biplots.
 
Materials and Methods
Eighteen selective advanced genotypes of chickpea from ICARDA with two check verities (Arman and Azad) evaluated across four locations (Gachsaran, Ilam, Gonbad and Khoramabad) at three growing seasons, in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The data of 3rd year in Gonbad were lost and therefore, the analysis of data performed on 11 environments. Average seed yield of genotypes estimated at each environment (combination of location and growing season) and used for analysis. Statistical analyses including simple analysis of variance, combined analysis of variance and stability analysis carried out by metan (Multi environment trial analysis) R package. Five AMMI stability indices including ASV (AMMI stability value), SIPC (Sum of IPCs scores), EV (Eigenvalue stability parameter of AMMI), Za (Absolute value of the relative contribution of IPCs to the interaction), WASS (Weighted average of absolute scores) and simultaneous selection index (ssi) of these parameters was used for stability evaluation of genotypes.
 
Results and Discussion
Combined analysis of variance indicated environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 79.2, 2.4 and 10.0% of the phenotypic variation of seed yield, respectively. The significant effect of genotype indicated the wide genetic background of genotypes, while the significant effect of genotype by environment interaction is indicated the diversity of genotypes in test locations and growing years and exhibited the necessary of evaluation of genotypes in multiple environments. According to the significant effect of genotype by environment interaction, AMMI analysis was carried out by principal components analysis and the results indicated the significant effects of five principal components on seed yield. The first two principal components contributed to 42.5 and 19.4% of genotype by environment interaction. Genotype G3 (1663 kg ha^-1) followed by G1, G17, G20 and G5 had the highest seed yield. According to the ASV and WAAS indices, G3, G4 and G13; EV and ZA indices, G3, G14, G16 and G6; and SIPC, G14, G3, G11, G4 and G16 were the most stable genotypes. Selection of these genotypes was done only on stability aspect of genotypes, therefore simultaneous selection index (ssi) based on any of these parameters was used to evaluate the simultaneously selection of genotypes based on seed yield stability and performance. Genotypes G3, G1, G4, G13 and G16 selected as superior genotypes by ssiASV, ssiZA and ssiWAAS indices; while based on ssiSIPC and ssiEV, G3, G16 and G20 were as the best genotypes. The other applications of AMMI stability analysis are selection of best genotypes in any of environments. According to this procedure, genotype G3 was placed in the first order in E1, E5 and E7; in the second order in E2, E3 and E9; in the third order in the E6 and E7; and in the fourth order in the E5. The AMMI1 biplot (IPCA1 vs grain yield) identified G1, G3, G17 and G13 as high yielding and stable genotypes with seed yield higher than total mean and lowest IPCA1 values. This biplot was also indicated environments E1, E9, E5, E2 and E3 had the lowest contribution in genotype by environment interaction interaction. The first principal components explained only 42.5% of genotype by environment interaction, and therefore, it seems that using the AMMI2 biplot is more efficient to identify the superior genotypes. In AMMI2 biplot (IPCA1 vs IPCA2), genotypes G4, G3, G13, G1 and G10 had high general stability. The environments E3, E4 and E10 with long vectors, had high discriminating ability and can estimate the relative efficiency of genotypes well.
 
Conclusion
In general, based on different indices, G3, G1 and G13 had high yield in most of environments, and in most methods had good stability and could be candidates for introduction of new cultivars.

Keywords

• Adaptability
• Biplot
• Genotype by environment interaction
• Principal components
• Yield

Main Subjects

• Breeding
• Agronomy

---

References

1. Azam, M.G., Iqbal, M.S., Hossain M.A., and Hossain, M.F. 2020. Stability investigation and genotype×environment association in chickpea genotypes utilizing AMMI And GGE biplot m Genetics and Molecular Research 19(3): 1-15.
2. Bagheri, A., Nezami, A., Ganjeali, A., and Parsa, M. 1997.Cultivation and Improvement of C Mashhad University Jihad Publications, Mashhad, 444 p. (In Persian).
3. Danyali, S.F., Razavi, F., Ebadi Segherloo, A., Dehghani, H., and Sabaghpour, S.H. 2012. Yield stability in chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) and study relationship among the univariate and multivariate stability parameters. Research in Plant Biology 2(3): 46-61.
4. Erdemci, I. 2018. Investigation of genotype×environment interaction in chickpea genotypes using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. Turkish Journal of Field Crops 23(1): 20-26.
5. FAO, 2019. FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
6. Farshadfar, E. 2008. Incorporation of AMMI stability value and grain yield in a single non-parametric index (GSI) in bread wheat. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 11: 1791-
7. Farshadfar, E., Rashidi, M., Jowkar, M.M., and Zali, H. 2013. GGE Biplot analysis of genotype×environment interaction in chickpea genotypes. European Journal of Experimental Biology 3(1):417-423.
8. Farshadfar, E., Zali, H., and Mohammadi, R. 2011. Evaluation of phenotypic stability in chickpea genotypes using GGE-Ballot. Annals of Biological Research 2(6): 282-292.
9. Gauch, H.G. 1988. Model selection and validation for yield trial s with interaction. Biometrics 44: 705-715.
10. Gauch, H.G.J., and Zobel, R.W. 1996. AMMI Analysis of Yield Trials. In: M.S. Kang and H.G. Gauch (Eds.). Genotype by Environment Interaction. pp: 85-122, CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, USA.
11. Hajivand, A., Asghari, A., Karimizadeh, R., Mohammaddoust-Chamanabad, H.R., and Zeinalzadeh-Tabrizi, H. 2020. Stability analysis of seed yield of advanced chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes under tropical and subtropical rainfed regions of Iran. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 18(2): 2621-2636.
12. Hasan, M.T., and Deb, A.C. 2017. Stability analysis of yield and yield components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Horticultural International Journal 1(1): 4-14.
13. Kanouni, H., Farayedi, Y., Sabaghpour, S.H., and Saeid, A. 2016. Assessment of genotype×environment interaction effect on seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) lines under rainfed winter planting conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 18(1): 63 -75. (In Persian with English Summary).
14. Kanouni, H., Farayedi, Y., Saeid, A., and Sabaghpour, S.H. 2015. Stability analyses for seed yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes in the western cold zone of Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science 7(5): 219-230.
15. Karimizadeh, R., Mohammadi, M., Sabaghnia, N., Shefazadeh, M.K., and Pour-alhosseini, J. 2012. Univariate stability analysis methods for determining genotype×environment interaction of durum wheat grain yield. African Journal of Bioology 11(10): 2563-2573.
16. Karimizadeh, R., Pezeshkpour, P., Barzali, M., Mehraban, A., and Sharifi, P. 2020. Evaluation the mean performance and stability of lentil genotypes by combining features of AMMI and BLUP techniques. Journal of Crop Breeding 12(36): 160-170. (In Persian with English Summary).
17. Kizilgeci, F. 2018. Assessing the yield stability of nineteen chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes grown under multiple environments in south-eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 16(6): 7989-7997.
18. Olivoto, T., and Lúcio, A.D.C. 2020. Metan: An R package for multi-environment trial analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 1: 1-7.
19. Olivoto, T., Lucio, A.D.C., da Silva, J.A.G., Marchioro, V.S., de Souza, V.Q., and Jost, E. 2019. Mean performance and stability in multi-environment trials I: Combining features of AMMI and BLUP techniques. Agronomy Journal 111: 2949-2960. doi:10.2134/agronj2019.03.0220.
20. Pouresmael, M., Kanouni, H., Hajihasani, M., Astraki, H., Mirakhorli, A., Nasrollahi, M., and Mozaffari, J.Stability of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) landraces in national plant gene bank of Iran for drylands. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 20: 387-400.
21. Purchase, J.L., Hatting, H., and Van Deventer, C.S. 2000. Genotype×environment interaction of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in South Africa: II. Stability analysis of yield performance. South African Journal of Plant and Soil 17(3): 101-107.
22. Sharifi, , Aminpanah, H., Erfani, R., Mohaddesi, A., and Abbasian, A. 2017. Evaluation of genotype×environment interaction in rice based on AMMI model in Iran. Rice Science 24(3): 173-180.
23. Sharifi, , Erfani, A., Abbasian, A., and Mohaddesi, A. 2021. Stability of some of rice genotypes based on WAASB and MTSI indices. Iranian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 10.30479/IJGPB.2021.14432.1283.
24. Sneller, C.H., Kilgore-norquest, L., and Dombek, D. 1997. Repeatability of yield stability statistics in soybean. Crop Science 7: 383-390.
25. Yan, W., Hunt, L.A., Sheny, Q., and Szlavnics, Z. 2000. Cultivar evaluation and mega-environment investigation based on the GGE biplot. Crop Science 40(3): 597- 605.
26. Zali, H., Farshadfar, E., Sabaghpour, S.H., and Karimizadeh, R. 2012. Evaluation of genotype×environment interaction in chickpea using measures of stability from AMMI model. Annals of Biological Research 3: 3126-
27. Zali, H., Sabaghpour, S., Farshadfar, E., Pezeshkpour, P., Safikhani, M., Sarparast, R., and Hashembeigi, A. 2008. Stability analysis of yield in chickpea genotypes by additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 11(42): 173-180. (In Persian with English Summary).
28. Zali, H., Sabaghpour, S.H., Farshadfar, E., Pezeshkpour, P., Safikhani, M., Sarparast, R., and Hashembeygi, A. 2009. Stability analysis of chickpea genotypes using ASV parameter and it’s comparison with other methods. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 40(2): 21-29. (In Persian with English Summary).
29. Zobel, R.W., Wright, A.J., and Gauch, G. 1988. Statistical analysis of a yield trial. Agronomy Journal 80: 388-393.