The effects of rhizobium bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarom biovar phaseoli) on yield of common bean in greenhouse and field experiments under drought stress condition

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

1 Fars Agricultural & Natural Resources Research & Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran

2 Department of Soil Science, Lorestan University, Iran

3 Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO),Karj, Iran

4 Department of Agronomy, Lorestan University, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the world’s most important legume grown for human nutrition. Legumes and their symbiotic root nodule bacteria are extremely sensitive to drought stress. The fact that N2 fixation is more sensitive to decreasing soil water content relative to leaf gas exchange constitutes an important constraint on N2 accumulation and the yield potential of legumes subjected to soil drying. We hypothesize that inoculation of bean with rhizobium strains mitigates some of the negative effects of drought stress on bean. It is believed that certain microbial species and/or strains enhance plant tolerance to abiotic stresses such as drought (Yang et al., 2008). The Phyllobacterium brassicacearum strain STM196, a PGPR isolated from the rhizosphere of oilseed rape B. napus enhances plant tolerance to drought in two accessions of A. thaliana with contrasting flowering phenology (Bresson et al. 2013). We proposed a new means by which bacteria can enhance plant performance under both well-watered and drought soil conditions. Inoculated plants accumulated more biomass before reproduction and exhibited a better WUE. Sharma & Saikia (2013) found that the P. aeruginosa GGRJ21 strain is tolerant to water stress in mung bean plants by accelerating the accumulation of inherent levels of antioxidant enzymes, cell osmolytes, and consistently expediting the up regulation of stress responsive genes in PGPR-treated plants under water stress conditions.
 
Materials & Methods
In order to study the effects of rhizobium strains and drought stress on yield and water use efficiency of common bean, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse and field condition in 2014 and 2015 respectively. This experiment was carried with split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments were irrigation base of 30, 60 and 80% available water of soil in main plot and 54, 58,160 and 177 rhizobium strains (Leguminosarom phaseoli) seed inoculated in sub plot. Water irrigation content, water use efficiency, plant nitrogen, nodule number, nodule dry mater, wet and dry shoot weight, yield and yield components were determined.
 
Results & Discussion
There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in yield grain, biological yield, water use efficiency,
100-seed weight, dry and wet shoot weight, nodule number and nodule dry matter between the levels of irrigation as well as between different bacterial strains. The highest grain yield (3066 kg/ha), biological yield (6882 kg/ha), water use efficiency (0.81 kg/m3), 100 seed weight (44 g) were obtained in irrigation at 60% available water and 160 rhizobium strain seed inoculated treatment. Similar observation has been reported by, Suarez et al, (2008) and Bhatt & Srinivasa Rao (2005). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in dry nodule mater and nodule number between irrigation and rhizobium strains. The irrigation levels showed significant difference on nodule dry matter but did not show a significant difference on nodule number, reverse, rhizobium strains have a significant difference on nodule number and have not significant difference in nodule dry matters. The most of nodule number (63 per plant) and nodule dry maters (0.458 g/plant) were obtained in irrigation at 80% available water and 177 rhizobium strain seed inoculation treatment. Nodule dry matter was reduced by increasing drought stress levels. Similar observations have been reported by Ramos et al, (2003). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between wet and dry shoot weight and the irrigation levels but this result not observation in rhizobium strains treatments. Based on this experiment, it can be said that, rhizobium bacteria strains, similar as PGPR, can enhance plant performance and plant tolerance to environmental stresses by large variety of mechanisms. Some rhizobacteria help plants to maintain a favorable water status under water deficit (Creus et al. 2004) by enhancing the development of root system (Marulanda et al. 2009).
 
Conclusion
Our results showed that the use of rhizobium bacteria which can induce abiotic stress tolerance in the host as bio-fertilizers may be beneficial for increasing of yield and WUE in drought stress condition. In dry land like, Iran, we can use such microorganisms for lower use of water irrigation without decreasing seed yield in common bean.

Keywords


  1. Amiri, S.R., Parsa, M., Banaeeyan Avval, M., Nasiri Mahalati, M., and Dihim Fard, R. 2015. Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on yield and yield components of cgickpea (Cicer arietinum) under Mashhad climatic condition. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 6(1): 66-77. (In Persian with English Summary).
  2. Anderson, F.N. 1997. Fertilizing Edible Dry Beans. Nebguide. G86-13. Agriculture University of Nebreska-Lincoln. 5P.
  3. Athar, M. 2002. Drought tolerance by lentil rhizobia from arid and semi arid areas of Pakestan. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26: 38-42.
  4. Batt, R.M., and Srinivasa Rao, N.K. 2005. Influence of pod load on response of okra to water stress. Indian Journal Plant Physiolog 10: 54-59.
  5. Dadivar, M., Khodshenas, and Ghadiri, A. 2007. Effect of Rhizobium strains on yield and components yield of red bean. The 2nd National Pulse Crops Symposium of Iran, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran p. 44. (In Persian).
  6. Elsheik, E.A.E., and Hadi, E.A. 1999. Effect of Rhizobium inoculation and nitrogen fertilization on yield and protein content of six chickpea cultivars in marginal soils under irrigation. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 54: 57-63.
  7. Franzen, D.W., and Morgan, J. 1995. Fertilizing Pinto, Navy and other Dry Edible Bean. North Dakota State University. UDSU. Extension Service.
  8. Ganjeali, A., Joveyanipour, S., Porsa, H., and Bagheri, A. 2011. Selection for drought tolerance in Kabuli chickpea genotypes in Nishabur region. Iranian Journal Pulses Research 2:27-38 .(In Persian with English Summary).
  9. Hemmati, A. 2012. Management of chemical fertilizers application in pulse (Bean). Esfahan Nosouh Puplication 192 p. (In Persian).
  10. Hemmati, A. 2010. Effect of Rhizobium Biologic Fertilizers in Nitrogen Fertilizers Management and Yield of Commom Bean. Final Report of Project, Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources of Fars Province 15 P. (In Persian with English Summary).
  11. Hemmati, A., and Asadi Rahmani, H. 2005. Study the effects of inoculation Rhizobium strains and the use of nitrogen in yield and protein of common bean. The 1st National Pulse Crops Symposium of Iran, Mashhad p. 112. (In Persian).
  12. Jenkins, M.B., Virginia, R.A., and Jarrel, W.M. 1999. Ecology of fast-growing and slow-growing mesquite-nodulating rhizobia in Chihuahua and Sonoran desert ecosystems. Soil Science Society of American Journal 53: 543-549.
  13. Kapuya, J.A., Barendse, G.W.M, and Linskens, H.F. 1985. Water stress tolerance and proline accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Acta Botanic Neerl 34: 295-300.
  14. Khaleghnezhad, V., and Jabbari, F. 2014. Evaluation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seed indices and photoassimilate partitioning under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Iranian Journal of Pulse Research 5(1): 45-56. (In Persian with English Summary).
  15. Khodshenas, M.A., and Dadivar, M. 2007. Study the phosphorus condition of soils under bean culture in Markazi province. The 2nd National Pulse Crops Symposium of Iran, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran p. 39. (In Persian).
  16. Kishor, K. 1991. Effect of iron and molybdenum nutrients on nodulation, symbiotic N2 fixation and grain yield of Urd bean. Journal of Agricultural Research 6(1): 186-193.
  17. Marcia, V.B., Helio, A.B., Cosme, R.M., and Christopher, P. 2008. Alleviation of drough stress in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by co-inoculation with Paenibacillus polymyxa and Rhizobium troici. Applied Soil Ecology 40: 182-188.
  18. Pirvali Biranvand, N. 2007. Study the N2 fixation efficiency of Rhizobium strains on two lines of bean with N15 isotopic dilution. The 10th Congress of Soil Science of Iran, Karaj, Iran, 22 p. (In Persian with English Summary).
  19. Rahbarian, R., Khavari-Nejad, R.A., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri, A.R., and Najafi, F.2011. Drought stress effects on photosynthesis chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes. ACTA Biological Cracoviensia Series Botanicca 53: 47-56.
  20. Ramos, M.L.G., Gordon, A.J., Minchin, F.R., Sprent, J.I., and Parsons, R. 1999. Effects of water stress on nodule physiology and biochemistry of a drought tolerant cultivar of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Annals of Botany 83(1): 57-63.
  21. Sabaghpour, H., Mahmoudi, A.A., Saeed, A., Kamel, M., and Malthora, R.S. 2006. Study n chickpea (Cicer arietinum) drought tolerance lines under dryland condition of Iran. Indian Journal of Crop Scinces 1: 70-73.
  22. Sahrawat, K.L., and Rao, B.S. 1988. Macro and micronutrient uptake by nodulating and non- nodulating peanut liens. Plant and Soil 109: 291-293.
  23. Serraj, R., Sinclair, T., and Purcell, L. 1999. Review article: Symbiotic N2 fixation response to drought. Journal of Experimental Botany 50(331): 143-155.
  24. Stajkovic, O., Delic, D., Josic, D., Kuzmanovic, D., Rasulic, N., and Kenezevic, J. 2011. Improvement of common bean growth by co-inoculation with Rhizobium and plant growth promoting bacteria. Romanian Bio Technological Letters 16(1): 5919-5926.
  25. Suarez, R., Wong, A., Ramirez, M., Barraza, A., Orozco, M., Cevallos, M., Lara, M., Hernandez, G., and Iturriaga, G. 2008. Improvement of drought tolerance and grain yield in common bean by over expressing trehalose-6-phosphate synthase in rhizobia. Molecular Plant Microb Interactions 21: 958-966.
  26. Taherkhani, M., Nourmohammadi, G., Mirhadi, M.J., and Alimohamadi, R. 2007. Study the effect of three industrial inoculation on yield of bean varieties in Khoramdareh area of Zanjan, Iran. The 2nd National Pulse Crops Symposium of Iran, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran, p. 79. (In Persian).
  27. Valverd, A., Burgos, A., Fiscella, T., Rivas, R., Vela, E., Rodri, C., Emilio, A., Cervantes, B., Chamber, M., and Mariano, J. 2006. Differential effects of co-inoculations with Psseudomonas jesseni PS06 (a phosphate-solubilizing bacterium) and Mesorhizobium cicer C-2/2 strains on the growth and seed yield of chickpea under greenhouse and field conditions. Journal Plant and Soil 287(2): 43-50.
  28. Venkateswarlu, B., Maheswari, M., and Karan, N.S. 1999. Effects of water deficits on N2 (C2H2) fixation in cowpea and groundnut. Plant and Soil 114: 69-74.
  29. Zahran, H.H. 1999. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under sever condition and in an arid climate. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63(4): 968-989.
CAPTCHA Image