Response of Photosynthetic Pigments and Yield of Pinto Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to Weed Management Methods

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Isa Ghasemi Arimi ¹
• Faezeh Zaefarian ¹
• Sajedeh Golmohammadzadeh ²
• Rahmat Abbasi ¹

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran

² Department of Agronomy, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.2024.84897.1070

Abstract

Introduction
Bean is one of the most important legumes worldwide for direct human consumption and it is a rich source of protein and carbohydrates. Bean is weak in competing with weeds due to its slow growth during the early stages. Therefore, competition with weeds causes a significant reduction in grain yield at the end of the growing season. Weeds and crops are always competing for obtaining nutrients, water, light and space. Weed competition is a kind of nonliving stress, which effect on plant yield. The photosynthetic capacity of plants depends on abiotic factors such as the quality and quantity of light. Each of the photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids absorb light at a different wave length. The rate of photosynthesis and biomass production in plants is also largely dependent on the chlorophyll content of leaves. The weed interference in the plant growth maybe caused a change in the content of carotenoids and chlorophyll pigments in plant leaves. Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, with different morphological and genetic characteristics, show different responses in the presence of weeds, which may ultimately result in possible difference in yield. Measurement of growth indices is necessary to study the competitive ability of species during the growth period.
 
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of different chemical and non-chemical weed control managements on the yield of determinate and indeterminate bean varieties, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. This field experiment was carried out in Behshahr, Mazandaran, in 2021. The first factor was different weed control methods: application of trifluralin herbicide as pre-sowing 2.5 liters per hectare; application of trifluralin herbicide 2.5 liters per hectare + one weeding; wheat mulch in the amount of two tons per hectare; application of bentazon 50% of the recommended dose; application of bentazon 75% of the recommended dose; application of bentazon 100% of the recommended dose; weed-free control and control with weed infestation and the second factor includes bean cultivars: Negin variety (determinate growth type) and Sadri variety (indeterminate growth type). Weeds were sampled at flowering and final harvesting stages, and weed species, density, and dry weight of weeds were measured. Also, photosynthetic pigments and yield were investigated.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that weed species in the field were from 9 plant families and included 10 species. From the total species observed in the field, 4 species have C₄ photosynthetic pathway, 4 species have C₃ photosynthetic pathway and one species has CAM photosynthetic pathway. The Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Portulaca oleracea L. species had the highest frequency and Chrozophora tinctoria and Physalis alkekengi had the lowest frequency in the field. In all three stages (21 days after planting, flowering and final harvesting stages), the highest density and dry weight of weeds were observed in the control treatment without weeding, and among the weed management treatments, mulch and bentazon 100% treatments caused a decrement in the density and dry weight of weeds in both Negin and Sadri cultivars. Based on the results, the highest chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll were observed in both Negin and Sadri cultivars in the weed-free control treatment, and the lowest values were in the control treatment without weeding. Also, the control treatment without weeding had the highest amount of carotenoids in Negin cultivar (0.41 mg.g^-1 fresh weight) and in Sadri cultivar (0.37 mg.g^-1 fresh weight), while the lowest ones in Negin and Sadri cultivar (0.29 and 0.28 mg.g^-1 fresh weight, respectively) was observed in the weed-free control treatment. The highest seed yield of Negin and Sadri cultivar (1957.11 and 2426.01 kg.ha^-1, respectively) were observed in the weed-free control treatment.
 
Conclusions
In general, it can be concluded that the Sadri cultivar with higher competitive ability has performed better against the weed than the Negin cultivar. Among the weed management treatments, the non-chemical management of mulch and the chemical treatment of bentazon 100% had better performance.

Keywords

• Bentazon
• Chlorophyll
• Competition
• Mulch

Main Subjects

• Agronomy

---

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

References

Agha Alikhani, M., Yadvi, A.R., & Modaress Sani, A.M. (2014). The critical period of the control of the bean weed in pinto bean. Science Journal of Agriculture, 28(1), 13-23. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Amini, R., Alizadeh, H., & Yousefi, A. (2014). Interference between red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). European Journal of Agronomy, 60, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2014.07.002

Bagheri, A., Rahimian, H., & Oveisi, M. (2018). The Effect of interaction between imazethapyr herbicide dose and bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris) on weed control. Journal of Plant Protection, 32(10), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.22067/jpp.v32i1.42750

Bedoussac, L., Journet, E.P., Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Naudin, C., Corre-Hellou, G., Jensen, E.C., Prieur, L., & Justes E. (2015). Ecological principles underlying the increase of productivity achieved by cereal-grain legume intercrops in organic farming. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Agriculture, 35, 911-935. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-014-0277-7

Behgam, M., Amini, R., & Dabagh Mohammadi Nesab, A. (2017). The effect of integrated weed management methods on yield and yield components of pinto bean. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 23(4), 175-190. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Datta, A., Sindel, B.M., Jessop, R.S., Kristiansen, P., & Felton, W.L. (2007). Phytotoxic response and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes with pre-emergence application of isoxaflutole. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47, 1460- 1467. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA07036

FAO. Statistical Pocketbook. (2022). FAOSTAT database. http://faostat. fao.Org.

Faraji, H., & Amiri, K. (2010). Comparison of different chemical herbicides to control of broad leaf weeds of common bean in Yasouj, Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 1(2), 123-130. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/ijpr.v1i2.9142

Fawad, M., & Khan, M.A. (2022). Impact of irrigation timing and weed management practices on chlorophyll content and morphological traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.). Gesunde Pflanzen, 74, 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00611-0

Ghasemi Arimi, I., Zaefarian, F., Golmohammadzadeh, S., & Abbasi, R. (2023). Reaction of two growth types of pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to weed management. Crop Production, 16(1), 201-220. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2023.20736.2544

Ghatari, A.S., & Roozbahani, A. (2015). Chemical and mechanical weed control methods and their effects on photosynthetic pigments and grain yield of kidney bean. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 9(3), 461-476. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Ghatari, A.S., Roozbahani, A., & Yaghoobi, S.R. (2019). Integration of mechanical and chemical methods in red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) weeds management. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 11(39), 58-70. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Ghomri, H., & Ahmadvand, G. (2013). Effect of different periods of interference and weed control on height, yield and yield components of red bean. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 3(9), 71-79. (In Persian)

Harre, N.T., Nie, H., Jiang, Y., & Young, B.G. (2018). Differential antioxidant enzyme activity in rapid-response glyphosate-resistant Ambrosia trifida. Pest Management Science, 74, 2125-2132. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4909

Heydari, S., Sajdi, N.A., & Madani, M.J. (2014). The effects of integrated management on yield, yield components and weed control of bean. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 6(2), 139-150. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/ijpr.v1394i2.32271

Lak, M.R., Dorri, H.R., Ramazani, M.K., & Hadizadeh, M.H. (2005). Determination of the critical period of the weed control of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture, 9(3), 161-168. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Mahmood, A., Ihsan, M.Z., Khaliq, A., Hussain, S., Cheema, Z.A., Naeem, M., Daur, I., Hussain, H.A., & Alghabari, F. (2015). Crop residues mulch as organic weed management strategy in maize. Clean Soil Air Water, 43, 317-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201500155

Major, G., Ditommaso, A., Lehmann, G., & Falcaob, N.P.S. (2005). Weed dynamics on Amazonian Dark Earth and adjacent soil of Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 11, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2005.04.019

Malek Maleki, F., Majnonhoseini, N., & Alizade, H. (2013). A survey on the effects of weed control treatments and plant density on lentil growth and yield. Electronic Journal of Crop Production, 6(2), 135-148. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Manoli, G., Huang, C.W., Bonetti, S., Domec, J.C., Marani, M., & Katul, G. (2017). Competition for light and water in a coupled soil-plant system. Advances in Water Resources, 108, 216-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.08.004

Mehraban, A. (2018). Evaluation of competitive ability and performance of some bean cultivars in interference with weeds. Journal of Plant Ecophysiology, 37, 106-95. (In Persian)

Mojaddam, M., Shokohfar, A.R., Derogar, N., & Bandani, M. (2016). The effect of weed control period and nitrogen rate on yield and yield components of cowpea. Iranian Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, 12(2), 47-55. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Mousavi, K., Nazari Alam, J., & Nazarai, S. (2018). Investigating the effectiveness of the mixture of fomsafen, bentazone and acifluorfen herbicides to control bean weeds in Lorestan. Iranian Journal of Pulses Research, 2(2), 35-46. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Nabati, J., Hasanfard, A., & Rastgoo, M. (2023). Can different sowing dates affect weed control efficacy and chickpea yield? Journal of Crop Protection, 12(2), 127-139.

Noralizadeh Otaghsara, M., Nakhzari Moghadam, A., Gholamalipour Alamdari, E., Mollashahi, M., & Rameah, V. (2020). Effect of row spacing and herbicide application on weed control, photosynthetic pigments and rapeseed grain and oil yield. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 14(30), 447-464. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Porra, R.J. (2002). The chequered history of the development and use of simultaneous equations for the accurate determination of chlorophylls a and b. Photosynthesis Research, 73, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020470224740

Ram, H., Singh, G., & Aggarwa, N. (2016). Effect of irrigation, straw mulching and weed control on growth, water use efficiency and productivity of summer mung bean. Legume Research, 39(2), 284-288. https://doi.org/10.18805/LR.V39I2.9533

Robert, E., Nurse, L., Laura, L., Eerd, V., Richard, J.V., Shropshire, C., Soltani, N., & Sikkem, P.H. (2010). Weed control environmental impact and profitability with trifluralin plus reduced doses of imazethapyr in dry bean. Crop Protection, 29, 364-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CROPRO.2009.07.011

Soheili, F. (2013). The effect of growth type of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on the effectiveness of reduced concentrations of herbicide in controlling weeds. Master's Thesis. University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. 137 pp.

Sorkhi, F. (2016). Grain yield and growth traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as affected by interference with wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 10(1), 19-34. (In Persian with English Abstract)

Telesinski, A., Nowak, J., Smolik, B., Dubowska, A., & Skrzyiec, N. (2008). Effect of soil salinity on activity of antioxidant enzymes and content of ascorbic acid and phenols in bean plants. Journal of Elementery, 13, 401-409.

Wilson, R.G., Wicks, J.A.G.A., & Fenster, C.R. (2016). Weed control in field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Western Nebraska. Weed Science, 13, 295-299.

Wu, J., Wang, D., Rosen, C.J., & Bauer, M.E. (2007). Comparison of petiole nitrate concentrations, SPAD chlorophyll readings, and QuickBird satellite imagery in detecting nitrogen status of potato canopies. Field Crops Research, 101, 96-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCR.2006.09.014

Yao, S., Merwin, I.A., & Bird, G.W. (2005). Orchard floor management practices that maintain vegetative or biomass groundcover stimulate soil microbial activity and alter soil microbial community composition. Plant Soil, 271, 377-389.

Zare Hosseini, H., Ghorbani, R., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., & Rahimi, H. (2014). Effects of weed management strategies on weed density and biomass and saffron (Crocus sativus) yield. Saffron Agronomy and Technology, 2(1), 45-58. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22048/jsat.2014.6185