Effect of different growing substrates on heavy metals accumulation in Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Document Type : Original Articles

Authors

Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Yasouj University, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Contamination of soils with heavy metals is often resulted from human activities and phytoremediation is an effective and economic strategy to remove toxic metals from soils. Heavy metals are significant environmental pollutants, and their toxicity is a problem of increasing significance for ecological, evolutionary, nutritional and environmental reasons. The term ‘‘heavy metals’’ refers to any metallic element that has a relatively high density greater than 4 g/cm3, or 5 times or more, greater than water and is toxic or poisonous even at low concentration. However, chemical properties of the heavy metals are the most influencing factors compared to their density. Heavy metals include lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), arsenic (As), silver (Ag) and the platinum group elements. Plants experience oxidative stress upon exposure to heavy metals that leads to cellular damage. In addition, plants accumulate metal ions that disturb cellular ionic homeostasis. To minimize the detrimental effects of heavy metal exposure and their accumulation, plants have evolved detoxification mechanisms. Such mechanisms are mainly based on chelation and subcellular compartmentalization. Chelation of heavy metals is a ubiquitous detoxification strategy described in wide variety of plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different compounds to reduce the toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals in the planting bed is pinto beans.
 
Materials & Methods
In order to evaluate the effects of different growing substrates on reducing toxicity and phytoremediation bean (cv. Sadri) under heavy metals, a greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial for four heavy metals (Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Ni(NO3)2 and CuSO4) seperately, based on CRD design with three replications in Yasouj University, 2013. The first factor included of four levels of different growing substrates (control, compost, vermicompost and Populus sawdust) and the second factor included of two levels of heavy metals (heavy metals with 50 mg kg-1 soil concentration and control).
 
Results & Discussion
Analysis of variance showed that the effect of organic compounds and cadmium nitrate in the soil and their interactions on amounts of cadmium accumulation in roots, shoot and grain was statistically significant. Compost and vermicompost significantly increased cadmium. Vermicompost can be used to remove metals from contaminated soils used because it is linked with metals and increases nutrient uptake by providing. A cadmium concentration in shoot tissue was more than adequate at all levels of the leveas (0.2-0.05 mg/kg dry weight). Lead levels in the tissues of roots, shoots and seeds in all treatments were the detection limit. It seems that due to the low accumulation of lead in beans can be attributed to the low mobility of lead in soil and plant. Means comparison showed the highest accumulation of nickel in the root of the control (normal soil) with an average of 14.45 mg/kg dry weight of roots and the lowest value of this attribute in use of poplar sawdust with an average of 11.42 mg/kg root dry weight that using compost and vermicompost was not significantly different. Analysis of variance showed that the effect of organic compounds in soil, copper sulfate and their interactions on the amount of copper metal roots was significant. When the low copper concentration in soil, compost and vermicompost with the stabilization of copper available and disabling decrease copper absorption and accumulation by the plants, but the high concentration of copper in the soil, add compost, vermicompost and poplar sawdust will not be enough to stabilize all accessible copper. In this study, the use of poplar sawdust to accumulate the highest amount of copper in copper sulphate roots in levels zero and 50 mg per kg dry weight soil.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that the use of compost and vermicompost increased amounts of cadmium accumulation in shoot and root. On the other side, compost and Populus sawdust decreases the amount of nickel in the bean shoot and root. Also, the highest accumulation of copper in roots of beans was achived by application of the Populus sawdust and compost. Accumulation of heavy metals in roots far more than shoots and seeds. In general, the results of this study showed that due to low accumulation of heavy metals in the seed of bean and high absorption by the root and shoot, this plant is suitable for cultivation in contaminated areas and if possible leaving the roots and shoots is also appropriate for the purification.  

Keywords


  1. Angelova, V., Ivanova, R., Pevicharova, G., and Ivanov, K. 2010. Effect of organic amendments on heavy metals uptake by potato plants. World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, 1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia, 84-87.
  2.  Baker, A.J.M., and Brooks, R.R. 1989. Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements. A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery, Academic Publishers 1: 81-126.
  3. Basso, M.C., Cerrella, E.G., and Cukierman, A.L. 2002. Lignocellulosic materials as potential biosorbent of trace toxic metal from wastewater. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Research 41: 3580-3585.
  4. Carbonell, G., Imperial, R.M.D., Torrigos, M., Delgado, M., and Rodriguez, J.A. 2011. Effect of municipal solid waste compost and mineral fertilizer amendments on soil properties and heavy metals distribution in maize plants (Zea mays L.). Chemosphere 85: 1614-1623.
  5. Carrasquero Duran, A., Flores, I., Perozo, C., and Pernalete, Z. 2006. Immubilization of lead by a vermicompost and its effect on white bean (Vigna sinenis var. Apure) uptake. Environmentally Sciences Technology 3: 203-212.
  6. Chang, A.C., Page, A.L., and Warneke, J.E. 1987. Long-term sludge application on cadmium and zinc accumulation in Swiss chard and radish. Environmental Quality 16: 217-221.
  7. Chlopecka, A., and Adriano, D.C. 1997. Influence of zeolite, apatite and Fe-oxide on Cd and Pb uptake by crops. Science of the Total Environment 207: 195-206.
  8. Hall, J.L. 2002. Cellular mechanisms for heavy metal detoxification and tolerance. Journal of Experimental Botany 53: 1-11.
  9. Islam, E., Liu, D., Li, T., Yang, X., Jin, X., Mahmood, Q., Tian, S., and Li, J. 2008. Effect of Pb toxicity on leaf growth, physiology and ultrastructure in the two ecotypes of Elsholtzia argyi. Journal of Hazardous Materials 154: 914-926.
  10. Jadia, C.D., and Fulekar, M.H. 2008. Phytoremediation: The application of vermicompost to remove zinc, cadmium, copper, nickel and lead by sunflower plant. Environmental Engineering and Management 7(5): 547-558.
  11. Kafi, M., Borzooyi, A., Salehi, M., Masumi, A., and Nabati, J. 2009. Environmental Stress Physiology of Plants. SID of Mashhad. Press, 502 p. (In Persian).
  12. Kayser, A., Wenger, K., Keller, A., Attinger, W., and Schulin, R. 2000. Enhancment of phytoextraction of Zn, Cd, and Cu from calcarieous soil: The use of NTA and sulfur amendments. Environmentally Sciences Technology 34: 1778-1783.
  13. Khan, A.G. 2005. Role of soil microbes in the rhizospheres of plants growing on trace metal contaminated soils in phytoremediation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 18: 355-364.
  14. Lasat, M.M. 2003. Phytoextraction of metals from contaminated soil: A review of plant/soil/metal interaction and assessment of pertinent agronomic issues. Journal of Hazardous Substance Research 2: 1-25.
  15. Lavando, R.S. 1998. Heavy metal in soil of Argentina: comparision between urban and agricultural soil commun. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 29: 1913-1917.
  16. Mahendran, R.P. 2014. Phytoremediation-insights into plants as remedies. Malaya Journal of Biosciences 1(1): 37-41.
  17. Mench, M.J., Didier, V.L., Loffler, M., Gomez, A., and Masson, P. 1994. A mimicked 1n-situremediation study of metal contaminated soils with emphasis on cadmium and lead. Environmental Quality 23: 58-63.
  18. Mousavi, S.M., Bahmanyar, M.A., and Pirdashti, H. 2012. Nickel and chromium status in soil and rice under vermicompost treatment. Soil Management and Sustainable Production 1(1): 43-61. (In Persian with English Abstract Summary).
  19. Mozaffari, A., Habibi, D., Maleki, A., and Babai, F. 2013. Evaluation ability of some crop species for remedation of heavy metal cadmium (Cd) in contaminated soils. Journal of Agronomy and Plant Breeding 3:1-14. (In Persian with English Summary).
  20. Park, J.H., Lamb, D., Paneerselvam, P., Choppala, G., Bolan, N., and Chung, J.W. 2011. Role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal (loid) contaminated soils. Hazardous Materials 185: 549-574.
  21. Raskin, I., Smith, R.D., and Salt, D.E. 1997. Phytoremediation of metals: using plants to remove pollutants from the environment. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 8: 221-226.
  22. Vogel-Mikus, K., Drobne, D., and Regvar, M. 2005. Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation of pennycres Thlapi praecox Wulf (Brassicaceae) from the vicinity of a lead mine and smelter in Slovenia. Environmental Pollution 133: 233-242.
  23. Yaghtin, Sh., Moez Ardalan, M., Shorafa, M., and Alikhani, H.A. 2010. Effects of municipal waste compost and vermicompost on growth and nutrients uptake of corn. Journal Water and Soil 19(2): 35-43. (In Persian with English Summary).
  24. Yandi, J., Zhenli, H.E., and Xiaoe, Y. 2007. Role of soil rhizobacteria in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils. Zhejiang University Science Biological 8: 192-207.
CAPTCHA Image