Effect of Plasticulture and Planting Method on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics and Weeds of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Maryam Valipour
• Hassan Heidari
• Sohbat Bahraminejad

Department of Plant Production and Genetics Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

10.22067/ijpr.2024.89320.1095

Abstract

Introduction
In contemporary agriculture, the monoculture system of cereal crops is prevalent. Legumes are the most important plant family for crop rotation and sustainable agriculture due to their nitrogen fixing capabilities. Rainfed agricultural ecosystems are the largest food-producing biomes globally, with water scarcity and fluctuating rainfall being the most significant limiting factors for crop production. The growing demand for freshwater resources will increase the agricultural sector's vulnerability under future climate conditions, restricting production. Kermanshah province, where 78.4% of the land is arid, faces unique weather conditions and is particularly affected by drought stress. In rainfed farming systems, a suitable solution to conserve water at the farm scale is to create a suitable planting bed. The most common method of seed bed preparation among farmers is the normal flat planting method. The flat planting method, which is easy to prepare, is associated with a series of basic problems, such as reducing the efficiency of water use, reducing the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer use, reducing plant establishment, and the soil capping. Preparing the planting bed by changing the physical conditions of the seed bed, i.e. the thermal, humidity, ventilation and resistance characteristics of the soil, can affect the seedling emergence and the growth of the plant. By creating a ridge and furrow bed and nylon mulch, the soil moisture can be saved for different stages of plant growth.
 
Materials and Methods
The current research was carried out in the research Farm, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University during the cropping years of 2019 and 2020 as a factorial design based on randomized complete blocks with three replications. The treatments included nylon mulch (without nylon, nylon on the plant and nylon on the soil) and the method of planting in the bed (flat planting, planting in a 50 cm furrow, planting in a 100 cm furrow). The dimensions of each of the experimental plots were 2 m x 2m. In each plot, there were four rows of cultivation at a distance of half a meter, and the distance between the plants on each row was 10 cm. The distance between the experimental plots was one and a half meters. The traits studied included nitrogen use efficiency, leaf specific weight, leaf area index, stem dry weight, leaf dry weight, number of leaves per plant, plant height, dry weight of broadleaf weed, dry weight of narrow leaf weed, crude protein of green seed, and leaf greenness index. After Bartlett's test, the results showed that the dry weight of broad-leaved weeds, the dry weight of narrow-leaved weeds, seed protein and leaf greenness can be analyzed as a combined analysis of variance over two years, and the rest of the traits can be analyzed separately in each year. The data were analyzed using SAS software version 9.1 and the mean of the treatments were compared with the LSD method at a probability level of 5%.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the results of analysis of variance per year, plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index, specific leaf weight and nitrogen consumption efficiency (first year) and specific weight leaf (second year) were affected by the double interaction of nylon and planting bed. The combined analysis of variance showed that broadleaf weed dry weight and leaf greenness were affected by the triple interaction effect of year, nylon and planting bed. According to the mean comparison results (first year), the highest and lowest leaf area index values were obtained in the treatment of nylon on the plant with planting in a 50 cm furrow (3.82) and treatment without nylon with planting in a 50 cm furrow (3.26), respectively. The highest and lowest efficiency of nitrogen use were related to the treatment of nylon on soil with planting in a 50 cm furrow (152 kg.kg^-1) and treatment of without nylon and flat planting (81 kg.kg^-1), respectively. According to the comparison of the mean of the combined analysis of variance, the highest dry weight of broadleaf weeds was obtained in the treatment of the first year, nylon on the plant and flat planting (489 kg.ha^-1), and the lowest in the treatment of the first year, nylon on soil and planting in a 100 cm furrow (71 kg.ha^-1).
 
Conclusions
In this study, the plastic cover on the soil had the highest nitrogen use efficiency and the lowest weed growth due to weed suppresion. These two factors are acceptable reasons for increasing the growth under treatment of plastic cover on the soil. In line with the report of various studies, the treatment of planting in the 50 cm furrow floor reduced the drought stress and increased the growth of the plant by affecting the available water, and this drought stress reduction was more evident in the second year due to the low amount of rainfall.

Keywords

• Dry weight
• Mulch
• Nitrogen use efficiency
• Ridge and furrow
• Specific leaf weight

Main Subjects

• Agronomy

---

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

References

Abbasi, H., AghaAlikhani, M., & Hamzei, J. (2017). Effect of irrigation intervals, black plastic mulch and biofertilizers on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 15(2), 399-412. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v15i2.51667

Akbia, H., Elahifard, E., Siahpoosh, A., & Zare, A. (2020). Evaluation of sowing method and soil applied herbicides on weed control and yield of sesame. Journal of Crops Improvement, 22(4), 543-556. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2020.295527.2333

Alagbo, O., Spaeth, M., Saile, M., Schumacher, M., & Gerhards, R. (2022). Weed management in ridge tillage systems-A review. Agronomy, 12(4), 910. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040910

Alasti, O., Zeinali, E., Soltani, A., & Torabi, B. (2020). Estimation of yield gap and the potential of rainfed barley production increase in Iran. Journal of Crop Production, 13(3), 41-60. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2021.16896.2250

Ashrafuzzaman, M., Abdul Halim, M., Razi Ismail, M., Shahidullah, S. M., & Alamgir Hossain, M. (2011). Effect of plastic mulch on growth and yield of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 4(2), 321-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132011000200014

Dashadi, M. (2022). Effect of tillage treatments and different amounts of crop residues on rainfed chickpea yield in Kermanshah conditions. Iranian Dryland Agronomy Journal, 11(1), 75-93. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/idaj.2022.354522.335

Dayo-Olagbende, G. O., Ewulo, B. S., & Akingbola, O. O. (2019). Combined effects of tithonia mulch and urea fertilizer on soil physico-chemical properties and maize performance. Journal of Sustainable Technology, 10(1), 86-93.

Dedi, M., Chen, L., Qu, H., Wang, Y., Misselbrook, T., & Jiang, R. (2018). Impacts of plastic film mulching on crop yields, soil water, nitrate, and organic carbon in Northwestern China: A meta-analysis. Agricultural Water Management, 202(1), 166-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.001

Fahong, W., Xuqing, W., & Sayre, K. (2004). Comparison of conventional, flood irrigated, flat planting with furrow irrigated, raised bed planting for winter wheat in China. Field Crops Research, 87, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2003.09.003

Garshasebi, M., Rajab Larijani, H. R., & Nasri, M. (2014). Effect of plastic mulch and bed system on maize (zea mays) yield and weeds suppression. Agronomic Research in Semi Desert Regions, 1(4), 327-336. (In Persian with English abstract).

Ghaemi, M., Zare, Z., & Nasiri, Y. M. (2019). Effect of drought stress on some morphological characteristics and essential oil production levels of Ocimum basilicum in different stages of growth. Journal of Developmental Biology, 11(1), 15-27.

Gu, Y. J., Han, C. L., Fan, J. W., Shi, X. P., Kong, M., Shi, X. Y., Siddique, K. H. M., Zhao, Y. Y., & Li, F. M. (2018). Alfalfa forage yield, soil water and P availability in response to plastic film mulch and P fertilization in a semiarid environment. Field Crops Reserch, 215(1), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2017.10.010

Hamzei, J., Abbasi, A., & Vaziri Amjad, Z. (2017). Effect of different mulches on yield, yield components of grain maize and weeds dry weight. Journal of Crops Improvement, 19(1), 105-117. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2017.60400

Hashemi Dezfuli, A. (1998). Physiology of supplementary crop plants. M.Sc. Thesis in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran.

Heidari, H. (2012). Effect of irrigation by contaminated water with cloth detergent on plant germination traits of maize (Zea mays). Life Science Journal, 9(4), 1587-1590.

Helaly, A. A., Goda, Y., El-Rehim, A. A. S., Mohamed, A. A., & El-Zeiny, O. A. H. (2017). Effect of polyethylene mulching type on the growth, yield and fruits quality of Physalis pubescens. Advance Plants Agricultur Reserch, 6(5), 229-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/apar.2017.06.00229

Huggins, D. R., & Pan, W. L. (1993). Nitrogen efficiency component analysis: An evaluation of cropping system differences in productivity. Agronomy Journal, 85(4), 898-905. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1993.00021962008500040022x

Javaid, M. M., AlGwaiz, H. I. M., Waheed, H., Ashraf, M., Mahmood, A., Li, F. M., Attia, K. A., Nadeem, M. A., AlKahtani, M. D. F., & Fiaz, S. (2022). Ridge-furrow mulching enhances capture and utilization of rainfall for improved maize production under rain-fed. Journal Agronomy, 12(5), 211-230. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051187 

Jiang, R., Li, X., Zhou, M., Jie Li, H., Zhao, Y., & Yi, J. (2016). Plastic film mulching on soil water and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a ridge cultivation system on Loess Plateau of China. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 62(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2015.1104642

 Johnson, W. C., Davis, R. F., & Mullinix Jr., B. G. (2007). An integrated system of summer solarization and fallow tillage for Cyperus esculentus and nematode management in the southeastern coastal plain. Crop Protection, 26(11), 1660-1666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2007.02.005

Karimi, M., & Jolaini, M. (2017). Evaluation of agricultural water productivity indices in major field crops in Mashhad plain (Technical note). Journal of Water and Sustainable Development, 4(1), 133-138. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jwsd.v4i1.52783

Kasirajan, S., & Ngouajio, M. (2012(. Polyethylene and biodegradable mulches for agricultural applications: A review. Agronomy Sustainable Development, 32(1), 501-529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-011-0068-3

Kazemi, F., & Jozay, M. (2021). Characteristics of ornamental-medicinal species of balanketflower (Gaillardia aristata) under different mulch treatments in an arid climate region. Journal of Crop Science Research in Arid Regions, 2(2), 267-279 (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/csrar.2021.208943.1062

Koocheki, A. R., Bakhshaie, S., Tabarraei, A., & Jafari, L. (2014). Effect of plant density and planting pattern on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of balangu (Lallenamntia royleana Benth.). Journal of Agroecology, 6(2), 229-237. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i2.39365

Lamont, W. J., & Bartol, J.W. (2004). Production of vegetables, strawberries, and cut flowers using plastic culture. Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service (NRAES). Ithaca. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/items/9bc5402e-70bf-4a06-b045-01430f135eef

Li, Q. Q., Chen, Y. H., Liu, M. Y., Zhou, X. B., Dong, B. D., & Yu, S. L. (2010). Effects of irrigation and planting patterns on radiation use efficiency and yield of winter wheat in North China. Agricultural Water Management, 95(4), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2007.11.010

Liaghat, A., Pourgholam Amiji, M., & Mashhouri Nejad, P. (2018). The Effect of surface and subsurface irrigation with saline water and mulch on corn yield, water productivity and solute distribution in the soil. Journal of Water and Soil, 32(4), 661-674. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v32i4.69323

Majeed, A., Muhmood, M., Niaz, A., Javid, S., Ashfaq Ahmad, Z., Shahid Hussain Shah, S., & Hussain Shah, A. (2015). Bed planting of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improves nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield compared to flat planting. Crop Journal, 3(2), 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2015.01.003

Moazzezi, F., Yavari, G. R., Mosavi, S. H., & Bagheri, M. (2020). Assessing the impact of climate change on agriculture in Hamedan-bahar plain with emphasis on water productivity and food security. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 34(3), 305-323. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jead.2020.17793.0

Moradian, A., Yousefi, A., Jamshidi, K., & Andalibi, B. (2017). Evaluation of the effect of wheat mulch and nitrogen fertilizer on weed growth and some agronomic traits of Dracocephalum moldavica. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 48(4), 1055-1068. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijfcs.2017.128781.653911

Pahlevani, A., Ebrahimia, H., & Abbasi, F. (2022). Effect of plastic mulch placement in furrow irrigation on water productivity of fodder corn. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture, 36(1), 93-104. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/jwra.2022.356212.894

Patley, V., Das Sahu, G. H., Singh Paikra, P., & Kumar Chandraka, Y. (2023). Impact of fertigation and plastic mulch on pusedostem and physio-chemical characters of tissue cultured grand naine banana (Musa paradisiaca L.) grown in high density planting system. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 12(7), 3301-3304.

Peksen, E., Peksen, A., Bozoglu, H., & Gulumser, A. (2004). Comparison of fresh pod yield and pod related characteristics in pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars sown in autumn and spring under samssun ecological conditions. Turkish Journal Agriculture and Forestry, 28, 363-370.

Pol Shekan-e Pahlavan, M. R., Movahedi Naeini, S. A. R., Eatesam, G. R., & Keykha, G. (2008). Wheat plant growth and yield with different planting systems and irrigation frequency 2-soil and plant nutrients. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 14(5), 23-34. (In Persian with English abstract).

Ranjbar, A., Rahimikhoob, A., Ebrahimian, H., & Varavipour, M. (2018). Monitoring nitrogen nutrition index to improve fertilizer use efficiency. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Reserch, 49(5), 1189-1200. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2018.249911.667830

Salehi, A., & Monjezi, N. (2023). Field evaluation of mechanized wheat planters in saline lands of Shadegan city. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 33(2), 273-296. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/saps.2022.50563.2836

Sarkara, D., Muhammad Solaimana, H., Shah Jahana, M., Rojobi, N. R., Kabira, K., & Hasanuzzamanc, M. (2019). Soil parameters, onion growth, physiology, biochemical and mineral nutrient composition in response to colored polythene film mulches. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 64, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2019.05.003

Shahabi, N. (2017(. Effect of geographical direction of planting row and population on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile medicinal plant (Matricaria chamomilla L.). M.Sc. Thesis, Khuzestan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Ahvaz, Iran. 69 pp.

Sharma, S., & Sharma, D. P. (2019). Weed management in stone fruit nectarine orchard with inorganic mulches and herbicides. Journal of Indian Weed Science, 51(1), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8164.2019.00010.8

Silva, P. R. F., Strieder, M. L., Silva Coser, R. P., Rambo, L., Sangoi, L., Argenta, G., Forsthofer; E. L., & Silva, A. A. (2005). Grain yield and kernel crude protein content increases of maize hybrids with late nitrogen side-dressing. Soils and Plant Nutrition Science Agriculture, 62(5), 487-492. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162005000500014

Solhjou, A., & Javadi, A. (2015). The effect of tillage and planting methods in raised bed planting system on irrigated wheat yield. Applied Field Crops Research, 110, 68-74. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2016.109331

Wang, X. K., & Xing, Y. Y.) 2016(. Effects of mulching and nitrogen on soil nitrate-N distribution, leaching and nitrogen use efficiency of maize (Zea mays L.). National Center for Biotechnology Information, 11(8), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161612

Wei, Q., Hu, C., & Oenema, O. (2015). Soil mulching significantly enhances yields and water and nitrogen use efficiencies of maize and wheat: A meta-analysis. Scientific Reportes, 5, 16210. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep16210

Weiner, J., Griepentorg, H. W., & Kristensen, L. (2001). Suppression of weed by spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) increases with crop density and spatial uniformity. Journal of Applied Ecology, 38(4), 784-790.

Zhang, X. D., Yang, L. C., Xue, X. K., Kamran, M., Ahmad, I., Dong, Z. Y., Liu, T. N., Jia, Z. K., Zhang, P., & Han, Q. F. (2019). Plastic film mulching stimulates soil wet-dry alternation and stomatal behavior to improve maize yield and resource use efficiency in a semi-arid region. Field Crops Research, 233, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2019.01.002