بررسی و مقایسة سناریوهای مختلف اقتصادی و زیست‌محیطی از طریق بهینه‌سازی مصرف سوپرجاذب رطوبت، اسید هیومیک و کود دامی در زراعت لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

در سال‎های اخیر استفاده از نهاده‎های بوم‎سازگار و بهینه‌سازی این منابع، به‌عنوان راهکاری اکولوژیک مدنظر قرار گرفته و افزایش تولید و بهبود سلامت محصولات مختلف را در پی داشته است. به‌منظور تعیین مقادیر بهینة سوپرجاذب رطوبت، اسید هیومیک و کود دامی در زراعت لوبیا (Phoseolus vulgaris L.) آزمایشی با استفاده از روش سطح پاسخ، در قالب باکس‌بنکن طراحی و در سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعة تحقیقاتی دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل ترکیبی از سوپرجاذب رطوبت (در دو سطح 80 و 160‌کیلوگرم در هکتار)، اسید هیومیک (در دو سطح 4 و 8‌کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کود گاوی (در دو سطح صفر و 30‌تن در هکتار) بود که با در‌نظرگرفتن سه تکرار برای نقطة مرکزی، در مجموع 15‌ترکیب تیماری برای مطالعه لحاظ گردید. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که بیشترین مقدار عملکرد دانه در سطوح میانی اسید هیومیک (6‌کیلوگرم در هکتار) به‌دست آمد، به‌طوری‌که مصرف این مقدار اسید هیومیک عملکرد دانه را به‌ترتیب 15 و 11‌درصد نسبت به سطوح 4 و 8‌کیلوگرم در هکتار افزایش داد. افزایش متعادل مقادیر مصرفی کود دامی منجر به افزایش عملکرد مادة خشک شد، به‎این‎ترتیب که با افزایش مقدار کود دامی از صفر به 15‌تن در هکتار عملکرد مادة خشک 36‌درصد افزایش یافت، ولی افزایش بیشتر کود دامی (از 15 به 30‌تن در هکتار) کاهش چهار درصدی عملکرد مادة خشک را سبب شد. با افزایش مقادیر مصرفی سوپرجاذب، میزان تلفات نیتروژن کاهش یافت، به‌طوری‌که کاربرد 120‌کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب به جای 80‌کیلوگرم در هکتار از این کود منجر به کاهش 17‌درصدی میزان تلفات نیتروژن شد. کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن در سطح 6‌کیلوگرم در هکتار اسید هیومیک به‌ترتیب 16 و 13‌درصد نسبت به سطوح چهار و هشت کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشتر بود. در سناریوی اقتصادی به‌ترتیب با مصرف 83/143 و 14/6‌کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب و اسید هیومیک و 12/22‌تن در هکتار کود دامی، عملکرد دانه‎ای معادل 1613‌کیلوگرم در هکتار به‌دست آمد. در سناریوی زیست‎محیطی میزان تلفات نیتروژن نسبت به سناریوی اقتصادی به‌شدت (95‌درصد) کاهش یافت. از آنجایی‎که در سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست‎محیطی از ابعاد مختلف به بهینه‌سازی منابع توجه می‌شود، به‎نظر می‌رسد استفاده از مقادیر بهینة منابع در این سناریو (به‌ترتیب 71/131 و 02/6‌‌کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرجاذب و اسید هیومیک و 300‌کیلوگرم در هکتار کود دامی) مناسب‎ترین سطوح نهاده‎های مصرفی در این پژوهش باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


1. Abedi-Koupai, J., Sohrab, J., and Swarbrick, G. 2008. Evaluation of hydrogel application on soil water retention characteristics. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 317-331.
2. Albiach, R., Canet, R., Pomares, F., and Ingelom, F. 2001. Organic matter components and aggregate stability after the application of different amendements to a horticultureal soil. Bioresource Technology 76: 125-129.
3. Amiri, M.B. 2015. Study of ecological and agronomic characteristics of Echium amoenum in Mashhad conditions. Ph.D Thesis of Agroecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Persian with English Abstract).
4. Aslan, N. 2007. Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for modeling the influence of some operating variables of a multi-gravity separator for chromite concentration. Powder Technology 86: 769-776.
5. Azeez, J.O., Van Averbeke, W., and Okorogbona, A.O.M. 2010. Differential responses in yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima L.) and nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) to the application of three animal manures. Bioresource Technology 101: 2499-2505.
6. Botella, M.A., Cerda, A., Martinez, V., and Lips, S.H. 1994. Nitrate and ammonium uptake by wheat seedlings as affected by salinity and light. Journal of Plant Nutrition 17: 839-850.
7. Brussard, L., and Ferrera-Cenato, R. 1997. Soil ecology in sustainable agricultural systems. New York: Lewis publishers, U.S.A, 168p.
8. Calderini, D., Torres- Leon, F., and Slafer, G.A. 1995. Consequences of wheat breeding on nitrogen and phosphorus yield, grain nitrogen and phosphorus concentration and associated traits. Annuls of Botany 76: 315-322.
9. Chatterjee, S.K. 2002. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 576: 485-494.
10. Csizinszky, A.A. 2002. Reduced iput production of herbs under sub-tropical conditions in Florida. XXVIth International Horticultural Congress. 11-17 August, Toronto, Ontario. p. 196.
11. El Gendy, S.A., Hosni, A.M., Omer, E.A., and Reham, M.S. 2001. Variation in herbage yield, essential oil yield and oil composition on sweet basil (Ocimum bacilicum) grown organically in a newly reclaimed land in Egypt. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Science 9: 915-933.
12. Eneji, A.E., Islam, R., An, P., and Amalu, U.C. 2013. Nitrate retention and physiological adjustment of maize to soil amendment with superabsorbent polymers. Journal of Cleaner Production 52: 474-480.
13. Fazeli Rostampoor, M., Seghatoleslami, M.J., and Moosavi, S.Gh. 2011. Effect of water stress and water superabsorbent on yield and water use efficiency of Zea mays L. in Birjand region. Iranian Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences 4: 11-19. (In Persian with English Abstract).
14. Gan, Y., Malhi, S.S., Brandt, S., Katepa-Mupondwa, F., and Stevanson, C. 2008. Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake of juncea Canola under diverse environments. Agronomy Journal 100: 285-295.
15. Gholami H., Samavat S., and Ardebili Z.O. 2013. The alleviating effects of humic substances on photosynthesis and yield of Plantago ovate in salinity conditions. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 4: 1683-1686.
16. Ghorbani, S., Khazaee, H.R., Kafi, M., and Banayan Aval, M. 2009. Effect of humic acid application in water of irrigation on yield and yield components of Zea mays L. Iranian Journal of Agroecology 2: 123-131. (In Persian with English Abstract).
17. Harper, L.A., Sharpe, R.R., Langdale, G.W., and Giddens, J.E. 1987. Nitrogen cycling in a wheat crop: soil, plant and aerial nitrogen transport. Agronomy Journal 79: 965-973.
18. Heidari, M., and Khalili, S. 2014. Effect of humic acid and phosphorous fertilizer on flower and seed yield, photosynthetic pigments and amounts of minerals in Hisbiscus sabdariffa L. Iranian Journal of Crops of Iran 45: 191-199. (In Persian with English Abstract).
19. Heidari, M., and Minayee, A. 2014. Effect of drought stress and humic acid on flower yield and the concentration of macro nutrients in Borago officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Plant Production 21: 167-183. (In Persian with English Abstract).
20. Horwitz, W., and Latimer, G.W. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), 18th Edition. Maryland, USA.
21. Islam, M.R., Eneji, A.E., Ren, C., Li, J., and Hu, Y. 2011. Impact of water-saving superabsorbent polymer on oat (Avena spp.) yield and quality in an arid sandy soil. Scientific Research and Essays 6: 720-728.
22. Jahan, M., Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., and Dehghanipoor, F. 2007. The effects of different manure levels and two branch management methods on organic production of Cucurbita pepo L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 5: 1-9. (In Persian with English Abstract).
23. Jahan, M., Sohrabi, R., Doayee, F., and Amiri, M.B. 2011. Effect of superabsorbent water application in soil and humic acid foliar application on some agroecological characteristics of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Mashhad (Iran). Iranian Journal of Ecological Agriculture 2: 71-90. (In Persian with English Abstract).
24. Jahan, M., Kamayestani, N., and Ranjbar, F. 2013. Assay for applying super absorbent polymer in a low input corn (Zea mays L.) production system aimed to reduce drought stress under Mashhad conditions. Iranian Journal of Agroecology 5: 272-281. (In Persian with English Abstract).
25. Jahan, M., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Ranjbar, F., Aryaee, M., and Kamayestani, N. 2015a. The effects of super absorbent polymer application into soil and humic acid foliar application on some agrophysiological criteria and quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Mashhad conditions. Iranian Journal of Agroecology 6: 753-766. (In Persian with English Abstract).
26. Jahan, M., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Khalilzade, H., Bigonah, R., and Razavi, A.R. 2015b. Using response-surface methodology for optimizing nitrogen, phosphorus and cattle manure fertilizers application in winter wheat production. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13(4): 823-839. (In Persian with English Abstract).
27. Jahan, M., Ghalenoee, Sh., Khamooshi, A., and Amiri, M.B. 2015c. Evaluation of agroecological characteristics of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as affected by application of water-saving superabsorbent and humic acid under irrigation intervals. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences 29(2): 240-254. (In Persian with English Abstract).
28. Jahan, M., Amiri, M.B., and Noorbakhsh, F. 2015d. Evaluation of the increased rates of water superabsorbent and humic acid application under deficit irrigation condition on some agroecological characteristics of Zea mays by using response surface methodology. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 14(4): 746-764. (In Persian with English Abstract).
29. Jarvis, S., Hutchings, N., Brentrup, F., Olesen, J.E., and Van Der Hock, K.W. 2011. Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe. In: The European Nitrogen Assessment: source, effects and policy perspectives. Sutton, M.A., Howard, C.M., Erisman, J.W., Billen, G., Bleeker, G., Grennfelt, A., Grinsven, H.V., and Grizzetti, B. 2011. Cambridge University Press. Part 3, Chapter 10.
30. Kalra, A. 2003. Organic Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. A Hope for Sustainability and Qualility Enhancement. Journal of Organic Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and Dye-Yielding Plants (MADPs). FAO.
31. Khalesroo, Sh., Ghalavand, A., Sefidkan, F., and Asgharzade, A. 2011. Effect of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative of oil and absorption of nutrients in Pimpinella anisum L. Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants 27: 551-560. (In Persian with English Abstract).
32. Khandan, A., Astaraee, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Fotovat, A. 2003. Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and yield components of Plantago psyllium L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3: 245-253. (In Persian with English Abstract).
33. Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Fallahpoor, F., and Amiri, M.B. 2015. Optimization of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in wheat cultivation by central composite design. Journal of Agroecology, In Press. (In Persian with English Abstract).
34. Kuhestani, Sh., Asgari, N., and Maghsudi, K. 2009. Assessment effects of super absorbent hydro gels on corn yield (Zea mays L.) under drought stress condition. Iranian water Research Journal 4: 57-67. (In Persian with English Abstract).
35. Lee, J. 2010. Effect of application methods of organic fertilizer on growth, soil chemical properties and microbial densities in organic bulb onion production. Scientia Horticulturae 124: 299-305.
36. Maerere, A.P., Kimbi, G.G., and Nonga, D.L.M. 2001. Comparative effectiveness of animal manures on soil chemical properties, yield and root growth of amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus L.). African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1: 14-21.
37. Mansoori, H., Banayan Aval, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Lakzian, A. 2014. Management of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and planting density in Allium hirtifolium by using central composite optimizing method. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production 24: 40-60. (In Persian with English Abstract).
38. Mao, J., Olk, D.C., Fang, X., He, Z., and Schmidt-Rohr, K. 2008. Influence of animal manure application on the chemical structures of soil organic matter as investigated by advanced solid-state NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Geoderma 146: 353-362.
39. Mao, S., Islam, M.R., Xue, X., Yang, X., Zhao, X., and Hu, Y. 2011. Evaluation of a water-saving superabsorbent polymer for corn (Zea mays L.) production in arid regions of Northern China. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6: 4108-4115.
40. Marino, M.A., Mazzanti, A., Assuero, S.G., Gastal, F., Echeverria, H.E., and Andrade, F. 2004. Nitrogen dilution curves and nitrogen use efficiency during winter-spring growth of annual ryegrass. Agronomy Journal 96: 601-607.
41. Massoud, O.N., Afifi, M.M.I., El-Akshar, Y.S., and El-Sayed, G.A.M. 2013. Impact of biofertilizers and humic acid on the growth and yield of wheat grown in reclaimed sandy soil. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological 9: 104-113.
42. Mohammadipour, E., Golchin, A., Mohammadi, J., Negahdar, N., and Zarchini, M. 2012. Effect of humic acid on yield and quality of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Annals of Biological Research 3: 5095-5098.
43. Monnig, S. 2005. Water saturated superabsorbent polymers used in high strength concrete. Otto Graf Journal 16: 193-202.
44. Myers, R.H., and Montgomery, D.C. 1995. Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments. John Willey & Sons, New York, USA.
45. Natesan, R., Kandasamy, S., Thiyageshwari, S., and Boopathy, P.M. 2007. Influence of lignite humic acid on the micronutrient availability and yield of blackgram in an alfisol. Science World Journal 7: 1198-1206.
46. Nykanen, V.P.S., Nykanen, A., Puska, M.A., Goulart-Silva, G., and Ruokolainen, J. 2011. Dual-reponsive and super absorbing thermally cross-linked hydrogel based on methacrylate substituted polyphosphazene. Soft Matter 7: 4414-4424.
47. Paksoy, M., and Aydin, C. 2004. Some physical properties of edible squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. Journal of Food Engineering 65: 225-231.
48. Pimentel, D. 1993. Economics and energies of organic and conventional farming. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 6: 53-60.
49. Rathke, G.W., Behrens, T., and Diepenbrock, W. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica Napus L.): A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 117: 80-108.
50. Rentato, Y., Ferreira, M.E., Cruz, M.C., and Barbosa, J.C. 2003. Organic matter fraction and soil fertility the influence of liming vermicompost and cattle manure. Bioresource Technology 60: 59-63.
51. Samavat, S., and Malakuti, M. 2006. Important use of organic acid (humic and fulvic) for increase quantity and quality agriculture productions. Water and Soil Researchers Technical 463: 1-13.
52. Sarir, M.S., Sharif, M., Ahmed, Z., and Akhlaq, M. 2005. Influence of different levels of humic acid application by various methods on the yield and yield components of maize. Sarhad. Jouranl of Agriculture 21: 75-81.
53. Schiffer, M.C., Ronzelli, P., and Koehler, H.S. 1993. Influence of organic fertilizeration on the biomass, yield composition of the essential oil of Achillea millefolium L. Acta Horticulture 331: 109-114.
54. Shahryari, R., Gurbanov, E., Gadimov, A., and Hassanpanah, D. 2008. In vitro effect of potassium humate on terminal drought tolerant bread wheat. Proceedings of the 14th meeting of International Humic Substances Society.
55. Sharma, A.K. 2002. A handbook of organic farming. Publication Agrobios, India.
56. Sidari, M., Attina, E., Francioso, O., Tugnoli, V., and Nardi, S. 2006. Biological activity of humic substances is related to their chemical structure. Soil Science Society of America Journal 71: 75-85.
57. Turkmen, O., Demir, S., Sensoy, S., and Dursun, A. 2005. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and humi acid on the seedling development and nutrient content of pepper grown under saline soil conditions. Journal of Biological Sciences 5: 565-574.
58. Verlinden, G., Pycke, B., Mertens, J., Debersaques, F., Verheyen, K., Baert, G., Bries, J., and Haesaert, G. 2009. Application of humic substances results in consistent increases in crop yield and nutrient uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition 32: 1407-1426.
59. Vessey, J.K. 2003. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria as biofertilizer. Plant and Soil 255: 571-586.
60. Wu, C.F.J., and Hamada, M. 2000. Experiments: Planning, Analysis, and Parameter Design Optimization. New York.
61. Xie, L., Liu, M., Ni, B., Zhang, X., and Wang, Y. 2011. Slow-release nitrogen and boron fertilizer from a functional superabsorbent formulation based on wheat straw and attapulgite. Chemical Engineering Journal 167: 342-348.
62. Yazdani, F., Allahdadi, I., and Akbari, G.A. 2012. Impact of superabsorbent polymer on yield and growth analysis of soybean (Glycine max L.) under drought stress condition. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 10: 4190-4196.
63. Zhong, K., Zheng, X.L., Mao, X.Y., Lin, Z.T., and Jiang, G.B. 2012. Sugarcane bagasse derivative-based superabsorbent containing phosphate rock with water-fertilizer integration. Carbohydrate Polymers 90: 820-826.
64. Zhong, K., Lin, Z.T., Zheng, X.L., Jiang, G.B., Fang, Y.S., Mao, X.Y., and Liao, Z.W. 2013. Starch derivative-based superabsorbent with integration of water-retaining and controlled-release fertilizers. Carbohydrate Polymers 92: 1367-1376.
65. Zhou, D.M., Hao, X.Z., Wang, Y.J., Dong, Y.H., and Cang, L. 2005. Copper and Zn uptake by radish and pakchoi as affected by application of livestock and poultry manures. Chemosphere 59: 167-175.
CAPTCHA Image