بررسی اثر تنش شوری بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) رقم آزاد

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه بیرجند

چکیده

تنش شوری از تنش­های مهم غیرزیستی است که اثرات زیانباری بر عملکرد گیاه و کیفیت محصول دارد. خسارت شوری در گیاهان از طریق بروز تنش یونی و اسمزی است که ضمن تأثیر منفی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد، بسیاری فرآیندهای دخیل در رشد و نمو گیاهان را تحت تأثیر قرار می­دهد. به منظور بررسی تأثیر شوری بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و غلظت عناصر سدیم و پتاسیم بر گیاه نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) رقم آزاد، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند با چهار تکرار انجام شد. تیمارهای شوری خاک از منبع کلرید سدیم شامل 1، 3، 5، 7 و 9‌دسی زیمنس بر متر بود. بر اساس نتایج آزمایش، شوری اثر منفی بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد برگ و سطح برگ نخود داشت، به­طوری­که بیشترین سطح شوری (9دسی زیمنس بر متر) در این آزمایش نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتیب موجب کاهش 44/22‌درصدی ارتفاع، 84/15‌درصدی تعداد برگ، 36/58‌درصدی سطح برگ، 72/59‌درصدی غلظت پتاسیم برگ و افزایش 75/76‌درصدی غلظت سدیم برگ شد. همچنین اثر شوری بر اجزای عملکرد در این آزمایش نشان داد که افزایش شوری از یک به 9دسی­زیمنس بر متر به‌ترتیب باعث کاهش 33/33‌درصدی تعداد غلاف بارور، 83/59‌درصدی عملکرد دانه در بوته، 44/44‌درصدی وزن 100دانه و 34/39‌درصدی وزن خشک کل نخود شد. بیشترین اثرات شوری بر صفات اندازه­گیری‌شده نخود در این آزمایش در شوری 7دسی زیمنس بر متر مشاهده شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of salt stress on yield and yield components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Azad)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Gholam Reza Doraki
  • Gholam reza Zamani
  • Mohammad hassan Sayyari
University of Birjand
چکیده [English]

Introduction
One of the important abiotic stresses is salinity, with adverse effects on yield and product quality. Salinity damages to plants through ionic and osmotic stress are reflected in loss of water content, specific toxicity effect of ions, and disruption in nutrients uptake. Soil salinity can be raised by irrigation, inappropriate drainage, sea advancement to coastal regions and accumulation of salts in desert and semi-desert regions. Salinity is a limiting factor for plant growth because it limits the feeding of the plants by reduction the uptake of P, K, nitrate and Ca and increasing inter-cellular ion concentration and osmotic stress. In addition to its adverse impacts on the yield and yield components of crops, salinity affects most processes involved in the growth and development of the plants too.
 
Materials & Methods
 The present study was conducted in research greenhouse of Department of Agriculture, Birjand University on the basis of a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The soil salinity treatments included five levels of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 dSm-1. Soil texture was loam-sandy with the pH of 8.09 and EC of 1 dSm-1. The irrigation water was filtered with EC<350 μScm-1. The salinity was applied in accordance with soil saturation moisture percentage and field capacity moisture percentage. NaCl was used as the source of salinity. Irrigation was applied by daily weighing of pots in terms of field capacity moisture percentage. In flowering before yellowing of chickpea pods, number of leaves, leaf area and the concentration of sodium and potassium were measured. After full yellowing of the plants, pod number, grain yield, 100 grain weight and total dry weight per plant was recorded.
 
Results & Discussion
It was found that salinity level significantly influenced all measured traits. Salinity adversely affected plant height, number of leaves and leaf area, so that the highest level of salinity resulted in 22.4% plant height, 15.8% number of leaves and 58.4% leaf area per plant. The salinity by reducing the water-absorbent, creates an imbalance in nutrient uptake and toxic effects of some ions and causes changes in the metabolism of plants and reduces their growth. Reduction in the number of leaves and leaf area, which in fact have been a reduction in the photosynthesis area can be one of the factors that reduce the dry weight of plants. Under salinity stress, the plants reduce their leaf area to counteract the stress and results in greater thickness of the leaves, the accumulation of more chloroplast per unit leaf area and increase in leaf chlorophyll content. Salinity enhanced the concentration of sodium, reduced concentration of potassium and concentration K:Na in chickpea. It was revealed that the increase in salinity level from 1 to 9 dS m-1 increased the concentration of sodium 76.75% and reduced concentration of potassium to 59.7%. Rising the entry of sodium into plant under salinity conditions cause cytoplasm to be replaced with potassium ions and ion toxicity effect. By increasing the amount of sodium or sodium ratio to potassium in root environment, the concentration of potassium in plant tissues was reduced. Also, the highest salinity levels as compared to control reduced pod number by 33.33%, grain yield by 59.83%, 100 grain weight by 44.44% and by 39.34% total dry weight per plant. Shoot dry weight loss as a result of salinity can be attributed less number of leaves and smaller leaves. One effect of salinity on grain yield is changing 1000-grain weight. Lower 1000-grain weight cane be associated with shorter grain filling period in salinity treatments and also with lower synthesis of assimilates. On the other hand, the change in the pathway of assimilate partitioning to roots for counteracting the salinity can be another reason for lower dry weight of the grains.
 
 
Conclusion
The effect of different levels of salinity on the measured traits showed that salinity had negative impacts on morphological traits, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, potassium concentration and concentration ratio of potassium to sodium. Sodium concentration in plants reduced dry matter accumulation in chickpea and grain yield. Application of these levels of salinity indicated that peas are moderately sensitive plants to salinity, particularly salinity stress level of >7 dS m-1.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • grain yield
  • Leaf area
  • Plant height
  • Soil salinity
  • Total dry weight
1. Aminpanah, H., and Soroushzadeh, A. 2005. Study of effect of calcium on the distribution of sodium and potassium nitrate in rice seedlings under salinity conditions. Journal of Biology 18(2): 92-100. (In Persian with English Summary).
2. Archangi, A., Khodambashi, M., and Mohammadkhani, A. 2012. The effect of salt stress on morphological characteristics and Na+, K+ and Ca+ ion contents in medicinal plant fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) under hydroponic culture. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 3(10): 33-41. (In Persian with English Summary).
3. Arefian, M., Vesal, S., Bagheri, A., and Ganjeali, A. 2012. Evaluation of some morpho-physiological characteristics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under salt stress. 1th National Conference on Plant Stress (Abiotic), 31 Oct.-1 Nov. 2012. University of Isfahan. (In Persian).
4. Asha Dhingra, H.R. 2007. Salinity mediated changes in yield and nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) seeds. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 12(3): 271-275.
5. Ashraf, M., Bokhari, M.H., and Mehmood, S. 1989. Effect of four different salts on germination and seedling growth of four Brassica species. Journal Biologia 35: 173-187.
6. Ashraf, M., and McNeilly, T. 2004. Salinity tolerance in Brassica oilseeds. Plant Science 23: 157-174.
7. Ashrafuzzaman, M., Halim Khan, M.A., and Shahidullah, S.M. 2002. Vegetative growth of maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by a range of salinity. Crops Research Hisar 24: 286-291.
8. Baghalian, K., Haghiry, A., Naghavi, M.R., and Mohammadi, A. 2008. Effect of saline irrigation on agronomical and phytochemical characters of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Scientia Horticulturae 116: 437-441.
9. Bandeoglu, E., Egidogan, F., Yucel, M., and Avni Oktem, H. 2004. Antioxidant responses of shoots and roots of lentil to NaCl-salinity stress. Plant Growth Regulation 42: 69-77.
10. Beinsan, C., Camen, D., Sumalan, R., and Babau, M. 2009. Study concerning salt stress effect on leaf area dynamics and chlorophyll content in four bean local landraces from Banat area. In: Prociding of the 44th Croatian & 4th International Symposium on Agriculture. p. 416-419.
11. Benlloch, M., Ojeda, M.A., Ramos, J., and Rodriguez-Navarro, A. 1994. Salt sensitivity and low discrimination between potassium and sodium in bean plants. Plant and Soil 166: 117-123.
12. Black. C.A., Fanning C., and Fanning, C. 1992. Soil-Plant Relationship. Krier pub .co., USA 332p.
13. Boem, F.H.G., Scheiner, J.D., and Lavadi, R.S. 1994. Some effect of soil salinity on growth, development and yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Crop Science 137: 182-187.
14. Cicek, N., and Cakirlar, H. 2002. The effect of salinity on some physiological parameters in two maize cultivar. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 28(1-2): 66-74.
15. Delgado, I.C., and Sanchezraya, A.J. 1996. Effect of NaCl on some physiological parameters in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seedlings. American Society of Agronomy 25: 284-292.
16. FAO., 2011. Land and plant nutrition management service. Available on line at: http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/ spush. Accessed 25 November 2011.
17. Francois, L.E., Grieve, C.M., Mass, E.V., and Lesch, S.M. 1994. Time of salt stress affects growth and yield components of irrigated wheat. Agronomy Journal 86: 100-107.
18. Gama, P.B., Inanaga, S., Tanaka, K., Nakazawa, R. 2007. Physiological response of common bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) seedlings to salinity stress. African Journal of Biotechnology 6: 79-88.
19. Ghassemi-Golezani, K., Nikpour-Rashidabad, N., and Zehtab-Salmasi, S. 2012. Effect of salt stress on leaf area index, plant biomass and grain yield of Pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). 12th Iranian Congress of Crop Sciences. September 4-6, 2012. Islamic Azad University of Karaj. (In Persian).
20. Grieve, C.M., Lesch, S.M., Francois, L.E., and Maas, E.V. 1992. Analysis of main-spike yield components in salt-stressed wheat. Crop Science 32: 697-703.
21. Hamada, A.M., and EL-Enany, A.E. 1994. Effect of NaCl salinity on growth, pigment and mineral element contents, and gas exchange of broad bean and pea plants. Biologia Plantarum 36: 75-81.
22. Holmstrom, K., Somersalo, S., mandal, A., Palva, T.E., and Welin, B. 2000. Improved tolerance to salinity and low temperature in transgenic tobacco producing glycine betaine. Journal of Experimental Botany 51(343): 177-185.
23. Jomea-Bidokhti, A. 2013. The study of growth characteristics, yield and grain yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under the effect salinity. MSc Thesis. University of Birjand Iran. (In Persian).
24. Jose, A,I. 2002. Package of Practices Recommendations: Crops 12th Edition, Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, Kerala. India. 278p.
25. Kafi, M., Bagheri, A., Nabati, J., Zare Mehrjerdi, M., and Masoumi, A. 2011. Effect of salinity on some physiological variables of 11 chickpea genotypes under hydroponic conditions. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture 1(4): 55-70.
26. Mahmood, S., Iram, S., and Athar, H.R. 2003. Intra- specific variability in sesame (Sesamum indicum) for various quantitive and qualitive attributes under differential salt regimes. Journal of Research (Science) 14(2): 177-186.
27. Mansour, M.M., Stadelmann, E.J., and Lee-Stadelmann, O.Y. 1993. Salt acclimation of Triticum aestivum by coline chloride: plant growth, mineral content and permeability. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 31(3): 341-348.
28. Mengel, K., and Kirkby, E.A. 2001. Principles of Plant Nutrition. 5th Edn., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, ISBN: 1402000081.
29. Munns, R. 2005. Genes and salt tolerance: bringing them together. New Phytologist 167(3): 645-663.
30. Munns, R., and Tester, M. 2008. Mechanism of salinity tolerance. The Annual Review of Plant Biology 59: 651-681.
31. Neumann, P. 1997. Salinity resistance and plant growth revisited. Plant Cell Environment. 20: 1193-1198.
32. Roy, F., Boye, J., and Simpson, B. 2010. Bioactive proteins and peptides in pulse crops: pea, chickpea and lentil. Food Research International 43: 432-442.
33. Sadikia, M., and Rabihb, K. 2001. Selection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) for yield and symbiotic nitrogen fixation ability under salt stress. Agronomie 21: 659-666.
34. Shabala, A.J., and Al_Azawi, S.K. 2000. Occurrance of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria in some Iraqi Soils. Plant and Soil 117: 135-141.
35. Sharma, D., and Judha, N.S. 1984. Pulse Production in Semi-Arid Regions of India. Oxford Publishing Company.
36. Stephen, R.G. 2002. Irrigation Water Salinity and Crop Production. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 98066. http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/8066.pdf.
37. Stoeva, N., and Kaymakanova, M. 2008. Effect of salt stress on the growth and photosynthesis rate of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Central Europe Agriculture 9: 385-392.
38. Summart, J., Thanonkeo, P., Panichajakul, S., Prathepha, P., and Mc Manse, M.T. 2010. Effect of salt sress on growth, inorganic ion and proline accumulation in Thai aromatic rice, Kaho Dawk Mail 105. Callus Culture 9(2): 145- 152.
39. Turan, M.A., Elkiram, A.H.A., Taban, N., and Tban, S. 2009. Effect of salt stress on growth, stomatal resistance, proline and chlorophyll concentrations in maize plant. African Journal of Agricultural Research 4(9): 893-897.
40. Zibai, S., Rahimi, A., and Dashti, H. 2012. Effects of seed priming on growth, chlorophyll content, relative water content and dry matter distribution of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius, cv. Gholdasht) under salinity stress. Journal of Crop Production and Processing 2(5): 47-59. (In Persian with English Summary).
CAPTCHA Image