بررسی تأثیر تنش رطوبتی آخر فصل بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ژنوتیپ‌های لوبیا در شرایط مزرعه

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تهران-کرج

چکیده

به‌ منظور بررسی اثر تنش رطوبتی بر عملکرد دانه و ارزیابی شاخص های تحمل خشکی تعداد 33 ژنوتیپ لوبیا از بین ژنوتیپ‌های موجود در بانک ژن گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران انتخاب و در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار به‌صورت دو آزمایش جداگانه در دو شرایط بدون تنش و تنش رطوبتی ارزیابی شدند. عامل‌ها شامل دو سطح آبیاری بدون تنش و تنش (به‌ترتیب با 70 و 130 میلی‌متر تبخیر تجمعی از تشتک تبخیر کلاس A) و 33 ژنوتیپ لوبیا بود. نتایج نشان داد که ژنوتیپ‌های مورد بررسی از نظر عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه، تعداد دانه در غلاف، تعداد غلاف در بوته، روز تا مرحله رسیدگی، اندازه بذر در شرایط تنش و بدون تنش تفاوت معنی‌داری با هم داشتند. در شرایط بدون تنش بیشترین عملکرد در ژنوتیپ 28 با میزان 6/245 و کمترین در ژنوتیپ 12 با 61/60 گرم در مترمربع بود. در تنش رطوبتی بیشترین عملکرد در ژنوتیپ 14 با 77/132 و کمترین در ژنوتیپ 25 با 4/1 گرم در مترمربع بود. نتایج تحلیل همبستگی بین شاخص‌های مقاومت به خشکی و عملکرد دانه نشان داد که شاخص تحمل تنش (STI) و شاخص میانگین بهره‌وری (MP) دارای همبستگی بالایی با عملکرد در شرایط تنش می‌باشند و برای شناسایی ژنوتیپ‌های با عملکرد بالا در هر دو شرایط تنش و بدون تنش مناسب هستند. همچنین براساس تجزیه به مؤلفه‌های اصلی در هر دو شرایط بدون تنش و تنش، دو مؤلفه اول به‌ترتیب 72 و 76 درصد از تغییرات کل داده‌ها را توجیه کردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the effects of late season water stress on genotypes of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Dashtaki
  • Hadi Mohammad Ali Pour Yamchi
  • Mohammad Reza Bihamta
University of Tehran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the world’s most important food legume. This staple is considered as a nearly perfect food mainly because of its high protein content and abundant fiber, complex carbohydrates, and other daily food needs such as vitamins (folate) and minerals (Cu, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn). Annual production, including both dry and snap bean, exceeds 21 million metric tons (MT), which represents more than half of the world’s total food legume production. A majority of the bean production occurs under low input agriculture on small-scale farms in developing countries. Beans produced by these resource-poor farmers are more vulnerable to attack by disease and insect pests and to abiotic stresses including drought and low soil fertility. Development of cultivars with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses is a primary goal of bean breeding programs throughout the world. As much as 60% of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production in the developing world occurs under conditions of significant drought stress. Selecting drought tolerant genotypes, could be a viable option to cope with the limited available water for irrigation and increasing the productivity in such climates. Terminal drought is one of the main water limiting conditions that constrain common bean production because plants rely on the stored soil water during flowering and pod-filling periods, when usually water deficit intensifies.

Materials and Methods
To evaluate of the effects of late season water stress on phenological traits, grain yield, yield components, determination of phenotypic variation and evaluation of relationship between grain yield with other traits in 33 bean genotypes an experimental design was carried out using a randomized complete block design with three replications under two conditions (stress and non-stress) in 2012 in the experimental field of college of Agriculture and natural resources of Tehran University in Karaj Campus.

Results and Discussion
Results showed that among genotypes in study traits there were significant differences which reveal genetic variation among the genotypes. The highest and lowest grain yield in non-stress condition was in 28 and 12 number genotypes, respectively. The highest and lowest grain yield in stress condition was in 14 and 25 numbers of genotypes, respectively. The analysis of tolerance index correlation showed that indices of tolerance stress (STI), mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity are the best indices for identifying genotypes with high yield in both conditions. According to the results of phenotypic correlations, stepwise regression, path analysis in both normal and stress conditions, it can be concluded that, the traits of biological yield, seed and pod weight, number of filled pods, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and number of seed per pod were the most important and effective traits on yield. According to principal component analysis using seven agronomic traits in both conditions, two main components were selected that in total under non stress condition 72 percent and under water stress condition 76 percent of the total variation was explained and in both conditions, the first and second factors were introduced as yield and yield component factors.

Conclusions
In crops such as common bean, where seeds are the product of interest, the main criteria for selection of agronomical resistance to drought is focused on traits that lead to a higher grain production.
Followed by selection based on yield under stress, was suggested as the most effective strategy to improve drought resistance in common bean. It is suggested that selection under stress reveals that some of genotypes have resistant inherited genes, and are key to yield improvement of common bean.
Cultivars with improved stress resistance can reduce reliance on pesticides in high input systems, avert risk of yield loss from pests in low- and high-input systems, and enable more stable bean production across diverse and adverse environments (low precipitation, high humidity, etc.) and poor soil conditions (low fertility, hillsides, etc.).
This study reinforces the importance of characterizing drought resistant genotypes selected for particular drought types, to build a better picture of those mechanisms involved in drought resistance during specific plant developmental stages and to particular environments, knowledge that will contribute to define selection criteria for drought resistance in common bean that, after proper validation, could be used in improvement programs.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Bean genotypes
  • Correlation
  • Drought stress
  • Principal component analysis
  • Regression
  • Tolerance indices
1. Abiri, R., Zebarjadi, A.R., Ghobadi, M., Kafashi, A.K., and Atabak, N. 2012. Determination of advanced drought tolerant and breeder lines in Hordeum vulgare L. under Kermanshah conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 33(1): 175-188. (In Persian).
2. Bayat, A.A., Sepehri, A., Ahmadvand, G., and Dorri, H.R. 2010. Effect of water deficit stress on yield and yield components of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 12(1): 42-54. (In Persian).
3. Cattivelli, L., Rizza, F., Badeck, F.W., Mazzucotelli, E., Mastrangelo, A.M., Francia, E., Mare, C., Tondelli, A., and Stanca, A.M. 2008. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Research 105: 1-14.
4. Fageria, N.K., and Santos, A.B. 2008. Yield and physiology of dry bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31(6): 983-1004.
5. Farshadfar, E., Zamani, M., Motallebi, M., and Immamjomeh, A. 2001. Selection for drought resistance in chickpea lines. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 32(1): 65-77.
6. Farshadfar, M., and Farshadfar, E. 2008. Genetic variability and path analysis of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) landraces and lines. Journal of Applied Sciences 8(21): 3951-3956.
7. Fathi, M., Bihamta, M.R., Majnoon Hosseini, N., Shah Nejat Boushehry, A.A., and Mohammad Ali Pour Yamchi, H. 2012. Screening for terminal drought stress tolerance in cowpea genotypes (Vigna unguiculata L.). Iranian Journal of Pulses Research 3(2): 45-54.
8. Fernandez, G.C.J. 1992. Effective selection criteria for plant stress tolerance. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Adaptation of Vegetables and Other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress. Taiwan. 13-16 Aug.
9. German, C., Teran, H., Richard, G.A., James, L., Wright, T.D., Westerman, T., and Singh, S.P. 2006. Selection for drought resistance in dry bean landraces and cultivars. Crop Science 2111-2120.
10. Haghparast, R. 1995. Selection for resistance to drought in wheat. MSc. Thesis, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian).
11. Kristin, A.S., Serna, R.R., Perez, F.I., Enriques, B.C., Gallegos, J.A.A., Vallego, P.R., Wassimi, N., and Kelley, J.D. 1997. Improving common bean performance under drought stress. Crop Science 37: 43-50.
12. Mardi, M., Taleei, A.R., and Omidi, M. 2003. A study of genetic diversity and identification of yield components in Desi chickpea. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 34(2): 345-351.
13. Nasir Zadeh, L. 2008. Study on effect of nitrogen and irrigation stress on some physiological traits and yield of red bean. MSc. Thesis in Agronomy, Tehran University. (In Persian).
14. Rahnamaie Tak, A., Vaezi, S., Mozafari, J., and Shah Nejat Boshehri, A.A. 2006. Correlation and Path analysis of grain yield and related traits in beans. Journal of Agronomy and Horticulture 76. (In Persian).
15. Saleem, M., Shahzad, K., Javid, M., and Rauf. S.A. 2002. Heritability estimates for grain yield and quality characters in chickpea. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 4(2): 275-276.
16. Samizadeh, H. 1996. Phenotypic and genotypic variation of quantitative traits and their correlation with the yield of white Chickpeas. MSc. Thesis, Islamic Azad University of Karaj. (In Persian).
17. Schneider, K.A., Rosales- Serena, F., Ibarra- Perez, B., Cacares- Enriguez, J.A., Acosta- Gallegos, R., Ramirec- Vallejo, N., Wassimi, N., and Kelly, J.P. 1997. Improvement common bean performance under drought stress. Crop Science 37: 43-50.
18. Shafiee, M., Bihamta, M.R., Khialparast, F., and Naghavi, M.R. 2012. Using PCA analysis in yield evaluation and its components in 648 common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) under normal and limited irrigation conditions. In: Proceedings of the 12th Iranian Crop Science Congress, Karaj. Page: 101.
19. Shree, P., and Singh, S. 2007. Drought resistance in the race Durango dry bean Landraces and cultivars. Agronomy Journal 99: 1219-1225.
20. Sori, J., Dehghani, H., and Sabaghpor, S.H. 2005. Study of genotypes of chickpea in water stress condition. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 6: 1517-1527. (In Persian).
21. Szilagyi, L. 2003. Influence of drought on seed yield components in common bean. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology 9: 320-330.
CAPTCHA Image