بررسی اثر تراکم کاشت و میزان مصرف کود دامی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام لوبیای قرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ارقام لوبیای قرمز تحت تأثیر تراکم کاشت و سطوح کود دامی، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 94-1393 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل سه سطح کود دامی (صفر، 15 و 30 تن در هکتار)، سه تراکم بوته (13/13، 20 و 40 بوته در مترمربع) و چهار رقم لوبیای قرمز (اختر، D-81083 ناز و گلی) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده کود دامی، تراکم و رقم بر اکثر صفات مورد مطالعه معنی­دار (05/0p≤) بود. با افزایش مصرف کود دامی اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد لوبیا افزایش یافت. مصرف کود دامی تا 15 و 30 تن در هکتار به‌دلیل بهبود خصوصیات فیزیکوشیمیایی و بیولوژیکی خاک، موجب بهبود عملکرد دانه به‌ترتیب برابر با 7 و 15 درصد نسبت به شاهد شد. همچنین با افزایش تراکم بوته روند افزایشی برای عملکرد مشاهده گردید. در بین ارقام بالاترین عملکرد دانه مربوط به رقم ناز (04/291 گرم بر مترمربع) بود و کمترین میزان به رقم اختر (63/236 گرم بر مترمربع) اختصاص داشت. بالاترین عملکرد دانه ارقام لوبیای قرمز در شرایط سطوح مصرف کود دامی به‌ترتیب برای گلی+مصرف 30 تن کود دامی (59/305 گرم در مترمربع) و اختر+ بدون مصرف کود دامی (33/220 گرم در مترمربع) به‌دست آمد. عملکرد دانه با ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن دانه در غلاف و وزن 100دانه همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری (01/0p≤) داشت و بالاترین ضریب همبستگی برای وزن 100دانه (**723/0R2=) به‌دست آمد. تفاوت­های ژنتیکی بین ارقام مختلف باعث بروز تفاوت در اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد گردید، به‌طوری­که بالاترین عملکرد دانه در بین ارقام مورد مطالعه مربوط به رقم ناز بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of plant density and manure application rate on yield and yield components of various common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ghorbanali Asadi
  • Raheleh Ahmadzadeh Ghavidel
  • Mohammad taghi puryazdi
  • reza Ghorbani
  • Sorur Khorramdel
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Phaseolus vulgaris or common bean, is an herbaceous annual plant in the Fabaceae is cultivated in many parts of the world. Bean varieties have been developed to have both bush and twining forms. Numerous cultivars of common beans have been developed, including string beans, stringless varieties (such as the slender French haricot varieties), and snap beans. Intensive agricultural activities have led to profound land use transformations. As a result of intensive successive croppings, there has been physical, chemical, and biological degradation of soils, resulting in decreased crop productivity. This trend is incurring high economic and environmental costs. The use of organic fertilizers, such as animal manures has been proposed as one of the main pillars of sustainable agriculture. Animal manure is a valuable resource as a soil fertilizer because it provides large amounts of nutrients for crop growth and is a low-cost, environmentally friendly alternative to mineral fertilizers. The environment within a canopy of given density will be affected both by plant architecture and row spacing. As seed is a major input cost for dry bean production, optimum plant density should maximize yield while minimizing seed cost. Solutions based on the principles of ecological agriculture in agricultural ecosystems, in addition to the current needs of the plant, also lead to long-term sustainability of agricultural systems.
 
Materials & Methods
To evaluate the yield and yield components of common beans by planting density, manure and cultivar, a factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season 2014-2015. Experimental factors including cow manure levels, three levels (0, 15 and 30 t.ha-1), plant density on row, three levels (5, 10 and 15 plants.m-2) and cultivar, three levels (Akhtar, D-81083, Naz and Goli). Before harvesting, plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight per pod and 100-seed weight were measured in 10 randomly selected plants. Biological and seed yields of bean were determined at the end of growing season. Studied traits were plant height, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, seed weight per pod, 100-seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index (HI) of bean. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
 
Results & Discussion
The results showed that the simple effects of manure, density and cultivar were significant (p≤0.05) on more studied traits of bean. By increasing manure level yield and yield components of bean were enhanced. By increasing manure level up to 15 and 30 t.ha-1 seed yield was improved due to improvement in physical and chemical characteristics of soil up to 7 and 15% compared to control, respectively. Also, by enhancing plant density an increasing trend for yield was observed. In comparing different cultivars the highest seed yield was observed for Naz (291.04 g.m-2) and the lowest was for Akhtar (236.63 g.m-2). The maximum seed yield was related to 30 t manure per ha-1 + Naz (305.59 g.m-2) and the minimum was for control +Akhtar (220.33 g.m-2). Seed yield had positive correlation with plant height, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, seed weight per pod and 100- seed weight and the highest correlation coefficient was computed for 100-seed weight (R2=0.723**). Genetic potentials between cultivers created differences in yield and yield components, so the highest yield among cultivars was obtained by Naz.
 
Conclusion
By increasing manure level seed yield and yield components were enhanced due to improvement in physical and chemical characteristics of soil. By increasing plant density up to 20 plants.m-2 seed yield of bean was increased. The highest yield among cultivars was obtained by Naz.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Height
  • Number of flowers
  • Number of pods per plant
  • Seed weight

مراجع

1. Achieng, J.O., Ouma, G., Odhiambo, G., and Muyekho, F. 2010. Effect of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers on maize production on Alfisols and Ultisols in Kakamega, Western Kenya. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America 1: 430-439.
2. Aggarwal, R.K., Praveen, K., and Power, J.F. 1997. Use of crop residue and manure to can serve water and enhance nutrient availability and pearl millet yields in an arid tropical region. Soil and Tillage Research 41: 43-57.
3. Ahmadinezhad, R., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzadand, N., and Oustan, SH., 2013. Effects of organic and nitrogen fertilizers on water use efficiency, yield and the growth characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand). Water and Soil Science 23: 177-194.
4. Ayaz, S., D.L., Mc Niel, B.A., Kenzie, Mc., and Hill, G.D., 2001. Population and sowing depth effects on yield component of grain legumes. 10th Australian Agronomy Conference, Hobart. 31 January 2001.
5. Beatty, K.D., Eldridge, I.L., and Simpson, A.M. 1982. Soybean response to different planting patterns and dates. Agronomy Journal 74: 859-862.
6. Bennt, J.P., Adams, M.W., and Burga, C. 1977. Pod yield component variation and intercorrelation in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as effected by planting density. Crop Science 17:73-75.
7. Bilsbroow, P.E., and Evans, F.G. 1993. The influence of spring nitrogen on yield, yield component and glucosinolate content of autumn sown oil seed rape. Agriculture Science 120: 219-224.
8. Broughton, W.J., Hernandez, G., Blair, M., Beebe, S., Gepts, P., and Vanderleyden, J. 2003. Beans (Phaseolus spp.) model food legumes. Plant and Soil 252: 55-128.
9. Burnside, O.C., Wiens, M.G., Weins, B.J., Holders, B.J., Weibery, S., Ristau, V.E.A., Johnson, M.M., and Cameron, J.H. 1998. Critical periods for weed controlling in dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Science 18: 149-159.
10. Carter, M.R. 2002. Soil quality for sustainable land management: Organic matter and aggregation interactions that maintain soil function. Agronomy Journal 94: 38-47.
11. Coelho, D.T., and Dale, R.F. 1980. An energy crop growth variable and temperature function for predicting corn growth and development: planting to silking. Agronomy Journal 72: 503-510.
12. Dimova, D., and Svetleva, D. 1993. Inheritance and correlation of some quantitative characters in french bean in relation to increasing the effectiveness of selection. Plant Breeding Abstract 63(3): 344.
13. Fageria, N.K. 2009. The Use of Nutrients in Crop Plants. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, Fl. USA.
14. Fageria, N.K., and Santos, A.B. 2008. Yield physiology of dry bean. Journal of Plant Nutrition 31: 983-1004.
15. Farahmand Rad, S. 1997. Study of planting date and density on yield and growth criteria of cowpea var. 29005. MSc. Thesis in Agronomy, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
16. Fathi, G.H. 2006. Effects of planting pattern and population density on light extinction coefficient, light interception and grain yield of sweet corn (Hybrid SC 704). Journal of Agricultural Sciences Nature and Resourse 12: 131-143.
17. Ferreira, A.M., and Abrue, F.G. 2001. Description of development, light interception and growth of sunflower at two sowing dates and two densities. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation in Agricultural and Bio-Industries l56: 369-384.
18. Frade, M.M.M., and Valenciano, J.B. 2005. Effect of sowing density on the yield and yield components of spring sown irrigated chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in Spain. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticulture Science 33: 367-371.
19. Graft, R.J., and Rowland, G.G. 1987. Effects of plant density on yield and components of yield of faba bean. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67: 1-10.
20. Graham, E., Grandy, S., and Thelen, M. 2009. Manure effects on soil organisms and soil quality. Emerging Issues in Animal Agriculture. Michigan State University Extension. P. 1-6.
21. Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, S.L., and Nelson, W.L. 1999. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers: An Introduction to Nutrient Management. Sixth Ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
22. Horbert, S.J., and Baggerman, F.D. 1983. Cowpea response to row width, density and irrigation. Agronomy Journal 75: 982-986.
23. Ishag, H.M. 1973. Physiology of seed yield in field beans (Vicia faba L.) I. Yield and yield components. The Journal of Agricultural Scienc, Cambridge 80: 181-189.
24. Karthikeyan, B., Abdul Jaleel, C., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., and Deiveekasundaram, M. 2008. Studies on rhizosphere microbial diversity of some commercially important medicinal plants. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 62: 143-145.
25. Leithy, S., El-Meseiry, T.A., and Abdallah, E.F. 2006. Effect of biofertilizer, cell stabilizer and irrigation regime on rosemary herbage oil quality. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 2: 773-779.
26. Limon-Ortega, A., Govaerts, B., and Sayre, K.D. 2008. Straw management, crop rotation, and nitrogen source effect on wheat grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy 29: 21-28.
27. Lucas, E.O., and Milbourn, G.M. 1976. The effect of density of planting on the growth of two Phaseolus vulgaris varieties in England. The Journal of Agricultural Scienc, Cambridge 87: 89-99.
28. Majidian, M., Ghalavand, A., Karimian, N., and Kamgar haghighi, A.A. 2008. The effect of water stress, nitrogen chemical fertilizer, manure and combination of nitrogen fertilizer and manure on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn 704 single cross. Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 12: 417-423.
29. Malik, V.S., Swanton, C.J., and Michaels, T.M. 1993. Interaction of white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars, row spacing and seeding density with annuals weed. Weed Science 41: 62-68.
30. Mandal, A., Patra, A.K., Singh, D., Swarup, A., and Ebhin Masto, R. 2007. Effect of long-term application of manure and fertilizer on biological and biochemical activities in soil during crop development stages. Bioresource Technology 98: 3585-3592.
31. Mariorana, M., Giorgio, F.D., and Rizzo, D. 1990. Effects of different planting dates on morphophysiological reproductive and qualitative characteristics of sunflower variations between hybrids and years. Annuali Cell, Instituto Sperimertale. Agronomy Bari (Italy) 21: 71-90.
32. Mason, S.C., and Leihner, D.E. 1986. Cassava-cowpea and cassava-peanut intercrop-pin. II. leaf area index and dry matter accumulation. Agronomy Journal 78: 47-53.
33. Mcvetty, P.B. 1986. Response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to seeding date and seeding rate. Canadian Journal of Plant Sciences 66: 39-44.
34. Mirzayee Nodoushan, H. 1988. Evaluation of genetic and geographic diversities in Iranian and foreign collections for beans. MSc. Thesis in Agronomy, University of Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
35. Nienhuis, J., and Singh, S.P. 1985. Effects of location and plant density on yield and architectural traits in dry bean. Crop Science 25: 579-584.
36. Nourmand, F., Rostami, M.A., Ghannadha, M.R., 2001. A study of morpho-physiological traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), relationship with grain yield under normal and drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Sciences 3: 785-794. (In Persian with English Summary).
37. Osler, R.D., and Cartter, J.L. 1954. Effect of planting dates on characteristics of common bean. Agronomy Journal 46: 267-270.
38. Parsons, D., Ramirez-Aviles, L., Cherney, J.H., Ketterings, Q.M., Blake, R.W., and Nicholson, C.F. 2009. Managing maize production in shifting cultivation milpa systems in Yucatan, through weed control and manure application. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 133: 123-134.
39. Parvizi, Y., and Nabati, E. 2004. Effect of manure application and irrigation interval on yield indices and water use efficiency in maize (Zea mays L.). Pajouhesh & Sazandegi (63): 21-29. (In Persian with English Summary).
40. Peacock, A.D., Mullen, M.D., Ringellberg, D.B., Tyler, D.D., Hedruicl, D.B., Gale, P.M., and Whithe, D.C. 2001. Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate application. Soil Biologya and Biochemistry 33: 1011-1019.
41. Ramirez, H.A., and Serrano Covarrubias, L.M. 1994. Selection for response variables in French bean. Plant Breeding Abstract 64(5): 687.
42. Rezaenejad, Y., and Afyuni, M. 2001. Effect of organic matter on soil chemical properties and corn yield and elemental uptake. Journal of Scientific and Technological Agriculture and Natural Resources. Water and Soil, Isfahan University of Technology 4: 19-29. (In Persian with English Summary).
43. Saberali, S.F., Modarres Sanavi, S.A.M., Baghestani, M.A., Bannayan, M., and Rahimian-Mashhadi, H. 2012. Influence of nitrogen rates on the growth and grain yield of two dry bean genotypes under redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) competition. Journal of Agroecology 2: 34-47. (In Persian with English Summary).
44. Saha, J.K., Adhikari, T., and Mandal, B. 1999. Effect of lime and organic matter on distribution of zinc, copper, iron and manganese in acid soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 30: 1819-1829.
45. Salardini, A.A. 2003. Soil Fertility. Tehran University Publications, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian).
46. Salehi, F., 2014. Effect of plant density on seed yield and its components in new red bean lines. Agronomy Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi) 103: 23-28.
47. Salehi, M., Akbari, R., and Khorshidi Benam, M. 2008. A study on response of yield and seed yield components of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes to delay in planting in Miyaneh region. JWSS: Isfahan University of Technology 12(43): 105-115.
48. Sarmadnia, G.H., and Koocheki, A. 2001. Crop Physiology. Jihad Daneshgahi Publication of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian).
49. Senesi, N. 1989. Composted materials as organic fertilizers. Science of the Total Environment 81-82: 521-542.
50. Sharar, M.S., Ayub, M., Nadeem, M.A., and Noori, S.A. 2001. Effect of different row spacings and seeding densities on the growth and yied of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 38(3-4): 51-53.
51. Shirtliffe, S.J., and Johnston, A.M. 2002. Yield density relationships and optimum plant populations in two cultivars of solid-seeding dry bean grown in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82: 521-529.
52. Singer, W.J., Sally, S.D., and Meek, D.W. 2007. Tillage and compost effects on corn growth, nutrient accumulation, and grain yield. Agronomy Journal 99: 80-87.
53. Tamari, A. 2011. Effect of biological and nitrogen fertilizers on effectiveness of corn intercropped with bean. MSc. Thesis in Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary).
54. Tawaha, A.R.M., Turk, M.A., and Lee, K.D., 2005. Adaptation of chickpea to cultural practices in mediterranean type environment. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(2): 152-157.
55. Teasdale, J.R., and Frank, J.R. 1983. Effect of row spacing on weed competition with snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Weed Science 31: 81-85.
56. Torabi Jefroodi, A., Fayaz Moghadam, A., and Hasanzadeh Ghoort Tapeh, A., 2005. An investigation of the effect of plant population density on yield and its components in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 36: 639-646. (In Persian with English Summary).
57. Torkamani, N., and Alikhani, H.A. 2008. Comparing vermicompost derived from cattle, sheep and poultry fertilizers in different moisture. 3rd National Congress of Recycling and Using Renewable Organic Resources. Isfahan, 15-17May 2008. (In Persian).
58. Werner, D. 2005. Production and biological nitrogen fixation of tropical legumes. p.1-13. In: D. Werner and W.E. Newton (Eds.). Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment. Springer. Printed in the Netherlands.
59. Westermann, D.T., Kleinkopf, G.E., Porter, L.K., and Legett, G. E. 1981. Nitrogen sources for bean seed production. Agronomy Journal 73: 660-664.
60. Xiao, S., Chen. S., Zhao, L., and Wang, G. 2006. Density effects on plant height growth and inequality in sunflower population. Agronomy Journal 48: 513-519.
61. Yeilagh Cheghakhor, A., Mesgarbashee, M., Mamghaniand, R., and Nabipour, M. 2010. Effect of row spacing and plant density on some morphological traits, yield, yield components and seed protein in two chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars. Agricultural Sustainable and Production Science 20(3): 113-123. (In Persian with English Summary).
62. Yolcu, H., Gunes, A., Dasci, M., Turan, M., and Serin, Y. 2010. The effects of solid, liquid and combined cattle manure applications on the yield, quality and mineral contents of common vetch and barley intercropping mixture. Ekoloji 19: 71-81.
63. Zaffaroni, E., and Schneiter, A.A. 1991. Sunflower production as influenced by plant type; plant population and row arrangement. Agronomy Journal l83: 113-118.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار