اثرات روش‌های مختلف کم‌آبیاری بر خواص فیزیکی، مکانیکی و بیولوژیکی لوبیای قرمز

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه اراک

چکیده

تحقیق حاضر، با هدف بررسی تأثیر پنج روش آبیاری شامل آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی، قطره‌ای سطحی، بارانی سنترپیوت، بارانی ثابت و آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده و چهار سطح نیاز آبی گیاه شامل 50، 75، 100 و 125‌درصد بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، مکانیکی و بیولوژیکی دانه لوبیای قرمز (رقم ناز) انجام شد. آزمایش‌ها به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه‌تکرار اجرا گردید. در این تحقیق پارامترهای ابعاد، قطر متوسط هندسی، کرویت، حجم، سطح ، دانسیته حجمی، دانسیته واقعی، تخلخل، سختی دانه، زاویه استقرار، ضریب اصطکاک، شاخص شناوری، درصد جوانه‌زنی و قدرت دانه اندازه‌گیری شد و اثر تیمارهای آزمایش بر فاکتورهای فوق بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بزرگترین ابعاد دانه و قطر هندسی لوبیا با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و کمترین ابعاد دانه با سیستم آبیاری بارانی سنترپیوت به‌دست آمد. تنها نیاز آبی و اثر متقابل آن با سیستم آبیاری اثرات معنی‌داری را بر درصد کرویت دانه ‌نشان‌داد. مقادیر دانسیته حجمی تحت سیستم آبیاری سطحی بیشترین مقدار (722‌گرم بر لیتر) و تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی کمترین مقدار (689 ‌گرم بر لیتر) بود. دانسیته واقعی، درصد تخلخل و شاخص شناوری توسط تیمارهای آزمایش تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفتند. بیشترین رطوبت دانه متعلق به دانه‌های تولیدی تحت سیستم‌های آبیاری بارانی ثابت و محور گردشی (4/16 و 16درصد) بود. وزن صد‌دانه و حجم دانه با افزایش مقدار آب مصرفی روند صعودی داشتند. بیشترین حجم دانه لوبیا (mm3) 876، تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و با بیشترین میزان آب مصرفی برابر 125‌درصد نیاز آبی به‌دست آمد. بیشترین زاویه استقرار دانه‌ها برابر 2/23‌‌درجه و ضریب اصطکاک 387/0، تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و کمترین زاویه استقرار برابر 4/20‌درجه و ضریب اصطکاک استاتیکی برابر 355/0 تحت آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده حاصل گردید. سختی دانه تحت تأثیر هیچ‌یک از تیمارهای مقدار آب مصرفی و سیستم‌های آبیاری قرار نگرفت. بیشترین سختی دانه (N/mm2 5/61) در سیستم آبیاری زیر‌سطحی و کمترین مقاومت دانه (N/mm2 3/56) در سیستم آبیاری سطحی حاصل گردید. نتایج آنالیز آماری خصوصیات بیولوژیکی ‌نشان‌داد که تنها سیستم آبیاری اثر معنی‌داری بر درصد جوانه‌زنی دانه دارد و بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی برابر 7/94درصد مربوط به دانه‌های تولید شده تحت سیستم آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده و پس از آن آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی، قطره‌ای سطحی، بارانی ثابت و در نهایت سیستم بارانی سنتر پیوت بود.

واژه‌های کلیدی: خواص بیولوژیکی، خواص فیزیکی، خواص مکانیکی، سیستم‌های آبیاری، کم‌آبیاری، لوبیای قرمز

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of different irrigation methods on physical, mechanical and biological properties of red bean

نویسندگان [English]

  • naser Ganji Khorramdel
  • abdollah Imanmehr
Arak University
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or common beans have been characterized as a nearly perfect food because of their high protein, fiber, perebiotic and vitamin B (Lymo et al, 1992; Geil et al., 1994). Dry beans can also be grown in a variety of eco-agricultural regions. As a result, dry beans are used throughout the world representing 50% of the grain legumes consumed as a human food source. Bean forms a good source of income for farm families. In Iran, bean is a major source of food security, readily available and popular food to both the urban and rural population. Of the different dry bean varieties grown in Iran; "Red, Naz, Goli and Sayad "account for vast majority in term of production and consumption. Although all the varieties contain similar major components (protein, fat, carbohydrates and minerals), each have unique minor physical, mechanical and biological profiles that can affect their functional food outcomes. Yet, dry bean is understudied with research programs remaining critically underfunded compared to other commodities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide physical, mechanical and biological information on Red dry bean as an important crop.

Materials and Methods
The beans were selected and cleaned manually. It was ensured that the seeds were free of dirt, broken and immature once, and other foreign materials. The experiment was carried out for five irrigation methods (sub-surface trickle, surface trickle, sprinkler center pivot, solid set sprinkler and modified surface irrigation) and four water levels of crop water requirement (50%, 75%, 100% and 125%) on yield and physical and mechanical properties of red bean landraces in central of Iran. Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for one year in Isfahan. In this research parameters such as geometrical diameter, sphericitypercent, angle of repose and grain strength were measured and the effect of experimental treatments on these parameters were investigated.

Results and Discussion
Physical, mechanical and biological properties of agriculturally, nutritionally and industrially valuated seed materials are important in designing the equipment for harvest, transport, storage, processing, cleaning, hulling and milling. The analysis results showed that increasing the amount of using water, increased the grain volume. Else the irrigation systems showed different effects on kernel parameters. It was notable that none of the treatments of using water and irrigation systems did not affect the grain hardness. With increasing water requirement from 50% to 125%, the volume seeds of bean gradually increased from 647 cubic mm to 790 cubic mm. Most of bean seed volume with 876 cubic mm was achieved with 125% water requirement under sub-surface trickle irrigation system. The most of establishment angle of seed with 23.2 degree and friction coefficient with 0.387 was achieved under sub surface trickle irrigation respectively and the least of them with 20.4 degree and 0.355 was achieved under modified surface irrigation respectively. The results of statistical analysis of biological characteristics showed that only irrigation system had a significant effect on germination of seeds. The maximum percent of germination was 94.7% in modified irrigation system and then sub surface trickle, surface trickle, solid set and center pivot respectively.

Conclusion
This study provided basic information on physical, mechanical and biological properties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The current investigation was conducted on dry red bean. Physical, mechanical and biological attributes including geometrical diameter, sphericity percent, angle of repose and grain strength, seed mass, seed size, seed density and seed germination were measured and the effect of experimental treatments on these parameters were also investigated. The results of this study are expected to be useful for plant breeders, consumers and the food industry.

Key words: Biological properties, Deficit irrigation, Irrigation systems, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Red Bean seed

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biological properties
  • Deficit irrigation
  • Irrigation systems
  • Mechanical properties
  • Physical properties
  • Red Bean seed
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