@article { author = {taherabadi, shayesteh and Ghobadi, mokhtar and Allahmoradi, Pezhman}, title = {The Critical period of weed competition in Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under Kermanshah condition}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {10-26}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.27152}, abstract = {Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is an important legume in the Mediterranean area. High protein content in lentil seed (about 22-28%) makes it as a good food source for developing countries and low-income people. In the west of Iran such as Kermanhah province, it is the most important pulse in rainfed systems cultivated traditionally in rotation with wheat and barley. Lentil is grown either as a spring or a winter crop. The cold tolerant cultivars of lentil can be sown in the fall and have by to over 50% more than spring-sown cultivars. Weed interference and moisture restriction are known as the most important factors affecting lentil yield. The average yield loss caused by weeds has reported about 84% in lentil. Since lentil is categorized as a slow-rate growth crop especially during early stages, it is affected by weeds depressingly. The critical period for weed control is defined as a period in which weeds must be controlled to prevent un-acceptable yield loss of crop. Knowledge of the critical period is useful in making decisions on the need for and timing of weed control and in achieving efficiently herbicide use from both biological and economical perspectives. In practical view, the critical period is defined as a number of weeks after emerging crop during which a crop must be free from weeds in order to prevent yield loss greater than 5%. This study aimed to determine the critical period of weed competition in lentil under the growing conditions of the Kermanshah province. Materials and Methods This experiment was done at Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2009-2010 growing season. The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors were two lentil cultivars (Gachsaran and Local) and treatments of critical period of weed control. For the second factor, there were two sets of treatments. In the plots of first treatments, weeds were allowed to grow for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after crop emergence, after which the plots kept fully free of weeds by harvest time. In the plots of second treatments, weeds were kept fully free of weeds for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after crop emergence and then weeds were allowed to grow until harvest time. For both of them, there were full season-long weed-infested and weed-free plots as control treatments. Weeds were cut from the soil surface and sorted by species, counted, and finally dried to measure above-ground dry matter. After physiological ripening of lentil, the crop was harvested and biomass, grain yield, 1000 grain weight, the number of pods per plant, the number of grains per plant and plant height were measured. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance showed that grain yield, biological yield, pod weight in plant, grain weight in plant and plant height effected significantly by the weed interference period, while it not influenced significantly on 1000 seed weight. Increasing in weed-free period caused reduction in weed dry matter and weed density whereas by prolonging the interference period, weed dry matter increased and weed density showed an upward trend until 45 days after emergence and had a sharp fall after that. The maximum weed interference period (beginning of critical period) based upon 5 and 10% level of grain yield loss for Gachsaran cultivar were 17 and 21 days after emergence, while for Local was 15 and 20 days after emergence, respectively. The minimum period of weed control (the end of critical period) based upon 5 and 10% level of grain yield loss were 63 and 56 days after emergence for Gachsaran cultivar, and 62 and 54 days after emergence for Local, respectively. Conclusion According to this research, under Kermanshah climatic conditions, the critical period of weed control based upon 5% level of grain yield loss for Gachsaran and Local lentil cultivars were obtained 46 and 47 days after emergence, respectively, and based upon 10% level of yield loss, critical period of weed control were 35 and 34 days after emergence, respectively. There was no significant difference between Gachsaran and Local lentil cultivars in terms of critical period of weed control. Key words: Lentil, Weed density, Weed dry matter, Yield loss}, keywords = {Lentil,Weed density,Weed dry matter,Yield loss}, title_fa = {دوره بحرانی رقابت علف‌های‌هرز در گیاه زراعی عدس (Lens culinaris Medic) در شرایط ‌آب‌و‌هوایی کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور تعیین اثر دوره‌های رقابت علف‌هرز بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد عدس، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه‌تکرار در سال زراعی 1389-1390 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل دو رقم عدس به نام‌های گچساران و محلی کرمانشاه و تیمارهای دوره بحرانی کنترل علف‌های‌هرز بود. عامل دوم آزمایش شامل دو گروه تیمارهای تداخل علف‌های‌هرز با گیاه زراعی از هنگام سبز‌شدن گیاه زراعی تا مراحل 15، 30، 45 و 60‌‌روز پس از سبز‌شدن همراه با تیمارهای شاهد (تداخل تمام‌فصل) و گروه دوم تیمارها شامل تیمارهای عاری از علف‌هرز تا مراحل فوق بود. با افزایش دوره تداخل علف‌هرز، عملکرد اقتصادی، عملکرد بیولوژیک، وزن غلاف در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته و ارتفاع بوته کاهش ‌یافت، اما تأثیر معنی‌داری بر روی وزن صد‌دانه نداشت. با وجود این، با افزایش طول دورۀ وجین، از وزن خشک علف‌های‌هرز و تعداد علف‌های‌هرز کاسته ‌شد. در‌حالی‌که با افزایش طول دوره تداخل، وزن خشک علف‌های‌هرز زیاد شد، اما تعداد علف‌های‌هرز تا مرحله 45‌روز پس از سبز‌شدن سیر صعودی و پس از آن سیر نزولی داشت. حداکثر دوره تداخل علف‌های‌هرز (شروع دوره بحرانی) در دو سطح پنج و 10‌درصد اُفت عملکرد در رقم گچساران به‌ترتیب 17 و 21 و در رقم محلی به‌ترتیب 15 و 20‌روز پس از سبز‌شدن تعیین ‌شد. حداقل دوره کنترل علف‌های‌هرز (پایان دوره بحرانی) نیز در دو سطح اُفت عملکرد ذکر ‌شده به‌ترتیب 63 و 56 برای رقم گچساران و به‌ترتیب 62 و 54 روز پس از سبز‌شدن برای رقم محلی به‌دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {اجزای عملکرد,تداخل علف‌هرز,دوره بحرانی,عدس,عملکرد}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32097.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32097_4eaaf653ad05ed2f1049e97e5d632579.pdf} } @article { author = {Koocheki, Alireza and Solouki, Hessamoddin and Karbor, Sana}, title = {Study of ecological aspects of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Mung Bean (Vigna radiata L.) intercropping in weed control}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {27-44}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.42232}, abstract = {Introduction Weed infestation causes an extremely reduction of crops yield. On the other hand, increasing the diversity of crops in agro-ecosystems will change the biomass distribution of weeds community, thereby reducing the number and density of different weed species. Weed management in the past few decades has been in conflict with ecological principles and sustainability of the production systems. As well as, it has changed from the one dimensional methods to integrated techniques based on the various non-chemical methods. Generally, weed management is possible through agronomical, mechanical and biological techniques in addition to chemical methods. One of these non-chemical methods is intercropping which has been used in farming systems since many years ago. The ability of intercropping systems to compete with weeds and proper control of weeds depends on various factors, including the composition of plants, varieties, density or proportion of intercropping and soil fertility. Besides, reduction of vacant niches and available resources for the growth of weeds are also reduce the ability of weeds invasion. So, the weed control in intercropping is much more effective than when the plants are planted alone. Majority of studies in recent years show that most of these researches have been performed in order to achieve maximum crops yield and its environmental effects is not considered. So, this research was aimed to investigate the effect of Sesame and Mung bean intercropping on yield, yield components, weed control, and determination of the best intercropping proportion in comparison with sole cropping in Mashhad, Iran. Materials and Methods This research was carried out to investigate the ecological aspects of substitution intercropping of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) and Mung bean (Vignaradiata L.) in the presence and absence of weed control. The experiment was arranged as a split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. The main plots included five treatments: sole Sesame, sole Mung bean, 3:1 intercropping (75% sesame-25% Mung bean), 1:1 intercropping (50% sesame-50% Mung bean), 1:3 intercropping (25% sesame-75% Mung bean), and sub plots were two levels of weed control (Weedy and weed-free). In order to implement an ecological and low input system, no chemicalinputs (fertilizers and pesticides) was applied. Weeds were harvested every 15 days corresponding to 4 harvests during the days after sowingand after separating were counted based on the type of species. To determine the variation of weeds, Shannon index was used, according to below equation: H'=-Σni/N×Ln ni/N H': Shannon index, ni: the number of the desired weed species and N: total number of weeds. At the end of the growing season plant height,number of inflorescences per plant, number of grains per inflorescence and 1000 grain weight were determined for each plant. Grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were also calculated. To compare the performance of intercropping treatments, land equivalent ratio (LER) was used, according to below equation: LER= Ʃ Ypi/Ymi Ypi: yield of each plant in intercropping, Ymi: yield of each plant in sole cropping. The data statistical analysis and draw the figures were performed by SAS, Version 9.1 and Excel. Means were also compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Results indicated that 3:1 intercropping treatment (75% sesame-25% Mung bean) had the lowest relative weed density. Shannon index was the lowest for 3:1 treatment (75% sesame-25% Mung bean). Plant height, number of inflorescence per plant, number of seeds per inflorescence, seed yield, biological yield, and harvest index represented a significant difference between weedy and weed-free treatments in both plants. Land equivalent ratio (LER) among the different patterns of intercropping showed that the amount of this ratio in weed-free treatments was greater than one, especially in comparison with weedy treatments. Results of the weedy treatments also showed that the amount of LER was only in 3:1 intercropping treatment (75% sesame-25% Mung bean) greater than one (1/04 in 2013 and 1/38 in 2014). Conclusion Therefore, intercropping systems can be used as an ecological approach to reduce the use of herbicides in agriculture. It also can be as a suitable alternative to prevent the accumulation of chemical inputs in the environment. Key words: Ecological control, Evaluation of diversity, Land equivalent ratio, Weed density}, keywords = {Ecological control,Evaluation of diversity,Land equivalent ratio,Weed density}, title_fa = {مطالعه جنبه‌های اکولوژیکی کشت‌ مخلوط کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) و ماش‌سبز (Vigna radiata L.) تحت شرایط کنترل و عدم‌کنترل علف‌های‌هرز}, abstract_fa = {هجوم علف‌های‌هرز سبب کاهش شدید عملکرد در گیاهان زراعی خواهد شد. علاوه‌بَر‌این، افزایش تنوع گیاهان در بوم‌ نظام‌های زراعی، توزیع بیوماس بین گونه‌ها در اجتماع علف‌های‌هرز را تغییر خواهد داد. این نکته باعث کاهش تعداد و تراکم گونه‌های مختلف علف‌های‌هرز می‌شود. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی و مطالعه جنبه‌های اکولوژیکی کشت‌ مخلوط جایگزینی کنجد (Sesamum indicum L.) و ماش‌سبز (Vigna radiata L.) تحت شرایط کنترل و عدم‌کنترل علف‌های‌هرز انجام گرفت. آزمایش در قالب طرح کرت‌های خُرد‌شده بر پایه‌ بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه‌تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در دو سال زراعی 1392و 1393 اجرا شد. کرت‌های اصلی شامل تیمارهای کشت خالص کنجد، کشت خالص ماش‌سبز، کشت‌ مخلوط 3:1 (25درصدماش‌سبز: 75درصدکنجد)، کشت‌ مخلوط 1:1 (٥٠درصد ماش‌سبز : ٥٠درصدکنجد) و کشت‌ مخلوط 1:3 (75درصد ماش‌سبز : 25درصدکنجد) و کرت‌های فرعی شامل تیمارهای وجین و عدم‌ وجین علف‌های‌هرز بودند. نتایج ‌نشان‌داد که تیمار کشت‌ مخلوط 3:1 (25درصدماش‌سبز : 75درصدکنجد)، کمترین تراکم نسبی علف‌های‌هرز را در بین الگوهای مختلف کاشت دارا بود. این تیمار کمترین میزان شاخص شانون را در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها داشت. بررسی صفاتی همچون تعداد غلاف در هر بوته و تعداد دانه در هر غلاف برای گیاه ماش، تعداد کپسول در هر بوته و تعداد دانه در هر کپسول برای گیاه کنجد و ارتفاع، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت برای هر دو گیاه ‌نشان‌داد که اختلاف قابل‌توجهی در هر کدام از این صفات، بین دو سطح وجین و عدم وجین علف‌های‌هرز وجود داشت. در رابطه با نسبت برابری زمین بین الگوهای مختلف کشت‌ مخلوط نیز نتایج حاکی از آن بود که مقدار این نسبت در هر دو سال برای تمامی تیمارهای کشت‌ مخلوط به‌همراه کنترل علف‌های‌هرز، بالاتر از یک (میانگین 1/1 برای سال 92 و 24/1 برای سال 93) بود. اما برای تیمارهای کنترل‌نشده تنها در تیمار کشت‌ مخلوط 3:1 (25درصدماش‌سبز : 75درصدکنجد) بالاتر از یک (04/1 برای سال 92 و 38/1 برای سال 93) بود. از این‌رو کاربرد سیستم‌های کشت مخلوط می‌تواند به‌عنوان راهکاری اکولوژیکی، استفاده از علف‌کش‌ها را در کشاورزی کاهش داده و به‌عنوان جاگزینی مناسب مانع از تجمع سموم در محیط‌زیست شود. واژه‌های کلیدی:ارزیابی تنوع، تراکم علف‌های‌هرز، کنترل اکولوژیکی، نسبت برابری زمین}, keywords_fa = {ارزیابی تنوع,تراکم علف‌های‌هرز,کنترل اکولوژیکی,نسبت برابری زمین}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32112.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32112_103a722800b43e0d146a482a724fcafa.pdf} } @article { author = {ALIPOOR, SAIDEH and Moradi Telavat, Mohhamad Reza and Siyadat, Seyed Ataollah and Mosavi, Seyed Hashem and Karmala Chab, Aziz}, title = {Effect of planting date and phosphorus fertilizer surface on the morphological characteristics and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.)}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {45-58}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.43382}, abstract = {Introduction Bean (Vicia faba L.) has the great old history of crop cultivation to date would be pushed back to a fairly long day plant, resistant to frost and cool season crop and up to 5 degrees Celsius tolerated. Bean prefers wet and cold conditions. Excessive heat may cause fetal growth problems, loss and reduce the number of seeds per pod bean flowers to the growth of plant and fruit set on low temperature and high humidity environments. Early planting allows more during plant growth and increased performance. Moreover, it is necessary to achieve maximum performance in the bean are balanced in the distribution of nutrients and the roots of the plant. Some studies have shown that many cereal plants can make use of phosphorus in the soil inaccessible. Phosphate makes the plant resistant to lodging, early maturity, higher quality, accelerating plant emergence to the initiation of flowering and pollination, and thus increases the yield. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of planting date and phosphorus nutrition on growth and performance of faba bean, a field experiment was done in Research Field of Agricultural University and Natural Resources of Ramin, Khuzestan, during 2013-2014. Experiment was done as split plots based on the completely randomized blocks design with four replications. Experimented factors were, five planting dates (2 October,17 October,1 November 16 November, and 1 December) as main plots and phosphorous oxide fertilizer (P2O5) with the amount of (zero, 50, 100,150 kilogram per hectare) from triple superphosphate resource as sub plot. Results and Discussion The Experiment results showed that planting date and phosphorus fertilizer and their interactions had a significant effect on morphological traits (include bush height, pod height from the ground, leaf area index, and number of sub branch). The comparison showed that the highest grain yield obtained in sowing date of 1 November (average production of 2752 kg per hectare) and the lowest yield obtained in planting Persian dates of 1 December (average production of 1903 kg per hectare) and 2 October (mean produced 1943 kg ha-1), respectively. The results of study of more than 100 kg P ha also had no significant effect on performance. The delay in planting bean reduces its performance. But through the power of P can be compensated to some extent the decline in performance so that delayed planting dates (10 December and 25 November) at the level of 100 kg per hectare yield than no fertilizer, respectively, about 55 and 60% increased. Conclusion Generally, in the process of growth, with a delay in sowing and increase the average temperature during the growing season and heat stress, all traits such as leaf area index, plant height, number of branches and the height of the first pod reduced. The cold start test at the beginning of the growing season, time to go green rose plant, but with the onset of heat at the end of the growing season and due to its effect on plant growth, all stages of growth were reduced. The results of study of more than 100 kg P ha also had no significant effect on performance. In total, the largest decline in the yield on the culture of 10 December occurred mainly due to reduced plant growth during the growing season as a result of dealing with the heat in the end of the growing season. The best results were obtained from the use of 100 kg per hectare phosphorus. The delay in planting bean reduces its performance. But through the power of P can be compensated to some extent the decline in performance so that delayed planting dates (10 December and 25 November) at the level of 100 kg per hectare yield than no fertilizer, respectively, about 55 and 60% increased. Key words: Leaf, Plant height, Pod, Seed}, keywords = {Leaf,Plant height,Pod,Seed}, title_fa = {اثر تاریخ کاشت و سطوح کود فسفر بر ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیک و عملکرد باقلا (Vicia faba L.)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر تاریخ کاشت و تغذیه فسفر بر رشد و عملکرد باقلا آزمایشی در سال زراعی 93- 1392 در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان اجرا گردید. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‏های خُرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار‌تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل پنج‌تاریخ کاشت 10‌مهر، 25‌مهر، 10‌آبان، 25‌آبان و10‌آذر در کرت‏های اصلی و کود اُکسید‌فسفر (P2O5) به‌میزان صفر، 50، 100 و 150‌کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع سوپر‌فسفات‌تریپل در کرت فرعی در‌نظر گرفته شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان‌داد که اثر تاریخ کاشت و کود فسفر و اثر متقابل آنها بر صفت‏های ارتفاع بوته، ارتفاع اولین غلاف از سطح زمین، شاخص سطح برگ، تعداد شاخه فرعی، تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف معنی‏دار بود. مقایسه میانگین‏ها نشان‌داد که تاریخ کاشت اثر معنی‏داری بر عملکرد دانه داشت، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین عملکرد دانه مربوط به تاریخ کاشت ‌10آبان (میانگین تولید 2702کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین عملکردها مربوط به تاریخ‏های کاشت 10آذر (با میانگین تولید 1903کیلوگرم در هکتار) و 10مهر (با میانگین تولید 1943کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. در این آزمایش استفاده از فسفر بالاتر از 100کیلوگرم در هکتار اثر معنی‏داری بر روی عملکرد نداشت. تأخیر در کاشت باقلا باعث کاهش عملکرد آن شد، اما از طریق تغذیه فسفر می‏توان این کاهش عملکرد را تا حدودی جبران نمود؛ به‌طوری‌که در تاریخ کاشت تأخیری (10آذر و 25آبان) عملکرد دانه در سطح 100کیلوگرم در هکتار نسبت به عدم‌مصرف کود به‌ترتیب حدود 55 و 60‌درصد افزایش یافت.}, keywords_fa = {ارتفاع بوته,دانه، غلاف,سطح برگ}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32131.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32131_b83eddecc14d9e81233a241dbd414531.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghorbani, Mohammad and Jamalipour, Mohsen and Koocheki, Alireza and Shahnoushi, Naser}, title = {Estimating the economic cost of greenhouse gas emissions of pulses in Iran}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {59-77}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.43480}, abstract = {Introduction Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in preventing the temperature decrease. One of the principal factors of environmental pollution and the main source of earth's climate and biodiversity changes is greenhouse gas emissions from various sources, particularly agricultural sector. Agriculture sector is considered as a major source of greenhouse gas sequestration, including methane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and nitric oxide. One of the most important sub-sectors of agriculture that produces greenhouse gases is agronomy. Nitrous oxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases mainly produced through agriculture. About 70 percent of N2O emitted into the atmosphere from soil, obtained from biomass. The total cultivation of pulses i.e. chickpea, beans and lentils, is equal to 845,848 hectares. In other words, pulses with share of 6.95 percent of the total cultivation, is one of the most important crop productions. In this study, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the production of Iran’s pulses (including chickpea, beans and lentils) was calculated using the GHGE Model at 2011-12. Materials and Methods In this study the emissions of CO2 and N2O, were measured using Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (GHGEM). This model was used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from activities directly and indirectly related to agriculture production and the effects of mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. To estimate the total production of N2O and CO2 in the agricultural ecosystem, 2011-12 crop year data reported by the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture were used. In addition, the provinces organized into different classes based on the production and emissions scale and their condition using means comparison test. Results and Discussion The total amount of N2O and CO2 emissions from pulses crops including chickpea, beans and lentils were estimated. Fars and Bushehr provinces, with production of 79.271 and 0.004 ton of N2O emission were the highest and lowest N2O producers, respectively. In addition, the Lorestan and Bushehr provinces respectively, with production of 10327.833 and 1.33 ton of CO2 had the highest and lowest annual production of CO2 emissions. Based on the results, Lorestan and Fars provinces had the largest share of emissions from pulses. In other words, these provinces had approximately 20 percent of N2O and CO2 emissions. Total N2O and CO2 emissions from the Iran’s pulses farms, was 361.849 and 50948.71 ton, respectively. However, Lorestan with production of 10405.7 tons of N2O and CO2 was the largest producer of greenhouse gas N2O and CO2 in Iran. The total amount of N2O and CO2 emissions from pulses crops was estimated 51310 ton. One of the best methods for analyzing greenhouse gas emissions in different provinces was comparing the emissions base on per unit of products level. With regard to the comparison, Isfahan province with the release of 1.64 ton per hectare had the highest level of N2O emissions in comparison with other provinces. In fact, Isfahan province with the largest consumption of nitrogen fertilizer was the largest producer of N2O per unit area. In addition, Bushehr province with the release of 66.5 ton per hectare had the highest level of CO2 emissions in comparison with other provinces. Fars and Lorestan provinces had the highest environmental costs caused by N2O and CO2 emissions, respectively. The environmental cost of N2O and CO2 release in these provinces were estimated roughly 13900 and 179,285$ (or 0.48 and 6.185 billion rials), respectively. Also, Bushehr province had the minimum environmental cost of N2O and CO2 emission. Totally, Lorestan province had the largest environmental cost of greenhouse gas N2O and CO2 emissions from pulses production that imposes on the environment. Eastern Azerbaijan, Western Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, Kermanshah and Lorestan provinces with a share of 66 percent were as the major producer of pulses, had the highest cost of environmental N2O and CO2 emissions.Total costs of environmental of N2O and CO2 emissions from the Iran’s pulses production was estimated about 947,971$ (32.705 billion rials). Conclusion In this study, according to the diversity of agricultural activities and greenhouse gas emission of these activities, the greenhouse gas emission of CO2 and N2O were estimated considering the pulses farms (i.e. chickpea, beans and lentils) under the crop production.Results showed that Fars and Bushehr provinces, with production of 79.271 and 0.004 ton of N2O were the highest and lowest N2O producers, respectively. Also the Lorestan and Bushehr provinces with an annual production of 10327.17 and 1.33 ton of CO2 were the highest and lowest CO2 producers, respectively. The total environmental costs of N2O and CO2 emissions was estimated about 947,971$ (32.705 billion rials). In addition, the most important factor of N2O and CO2 emissions of the crops production activities was crops cultivation. However, due to the influence of variables such as the use of nitrogen fertilizers, crops residue remaining of products on the farms and annual fallow of N2O and CO2 emissions in production of pulses, applying modern farm management strategies, management and increase the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers used on farms and developing the emission reduction policies such as carbon sequestration was proposed to the decision makers of this scope. Also considering that, the cultivation of pulses was the main source of greenhouse gas of N2O and CO2 emissions, environment’ tax of greenhouse gas emission on level of production in compensation environmental costs due to the release of such pollutants can be useful. Key word:Carbon dioxide, Greenhouse gases emission, Nitrous oxide, Pulses}, keywords = {Carbon Dioxide,Greenhouse gases emission,Nitrous Oxide,Pulses}, title_fa = {برآورد هزینة اقتصادی انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای حبوبات در ایران}, abstract_fa = {دراینمقاله،میزانو ارزش انتشارگازهایگلخانه‌ای اُکسید‌نیتروس(N2O) و دی‌اکسید‌کربن(CO2)حاصلازتولید حبوبات منتخب ایران (شامل نخود، لوبیا و عدس) با استفاده از مدل GHGE،برایسالزراعی91-90برآورد شده است.نتایج نشان‌داد که استان‌هایفارسوبوشهر، به‌ترتیبباتولیدسالانه271/79 و 004/0 تنN2O، بیشترینوکمترینمیزانتولیدگاز گلخانه‌ایN2Oرا دارامی‌باشند. همچنین استان‌هایلرستانوبوشهر نیز به‌ترتیب باتولیدسالانه83/10327 و33/1‌تنCO2،بیشترینوکمترینمیزانتولیدگاز گلخانه‌ایCO2را به‌خود اختصاص داده‌اند. مجموعهزینه‌هایزیست‌محیطی انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای N2O و CO2 کلکشورنیزحدود705/32‌میلیاردریالبرآوردگردید. باتوجهبه یافته‌ها، مدیریت کودهای نیتروژنه مصرفی در مزارعوتوسعهسیاست‌کاهشمیزانانتشاربه‌همراه مالیات زیست‌محیطی انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای بر سطوح مختلف تولید پیشنهاد شده ‌است. واژه‌های کلیدی: اُکسید‌نیتروس، دی‌اکسید‌کربن، حبوبات، گازهای گلخانه‌ای}, keywords_fa = {اُکسید‌نیتروس,دی‌اکسید‌کربن,حبوبات,گازهای گلخانه‌ای}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32157.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32157_44ac320cde902e2d4517d3855b6e4c18.pdf} } @article { author = {Ganjeali, Ali and Abrishamchi, Parvaneh and Shoryabi, Maryam}, title = {Interaction effects of salinity and salicylic acid on germination, growth and some morpho-physiological characteristics of chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.)}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {78-94}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.44059}, abstract = {Introduction Salinity has various effects on plant growth by affecting physiological processes. The decline in plant productivity under saline condition, frequently linked with the reduction of photosynthetic capability. It has been reported that efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) of numerous plant species have been decreased due to salt stress studies have shown that salicylic acid (SA( improves resistance of plants to environmental stresses (heat, cold, drought and salt stress). In this relation, convincing data have showed that the SA-induced enhances resistance of plants to the salinity. Therefore, the present study was conducted to estimate salicylic acid effects on germination, growth and some physiological characteristics of two chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) in salt stress condition. Materials and Methods In this research we studied the effects of different concentrations of SA (0.5 and 1mM), on chickpea genotypes (MCC414, MCC789) during growth stages (germination, seedling and flowering) under salinity stress. Five levels of salinity including 0, 3, 5, 10 and 12 dsm-1 in germination stage and three levels of salinity (0, 4 and 8 dsm-1) at seedling and flowering stages) were employed separately in a factorial experiment based on Randomized Completely Block Design with three replications. Results and Discussion Results of means comparison showed that germination rate, significantly decreased under salt stress in both genotypes (P≤0.05). Under salt stress, increasing the osmotic pressure and the reduction seeds water absorption and the toxic effects of sodium and chlorine ions, can affect seed germination. Exogenouse application of SA concentrations (0.5 mM), under salt stress (3 and 12 dsm-1) increased rate and percentage of germination in MCC789 genotype. For MCC414 genotype, the combination of the treatment with salicylic acid (0.5 and 1 mM) and salinity (10 dsm-1) increased significantly germination rate. In same genotype, radicle and coleoptile length increased significantly after treating with SA (1mM) in salt stress (12 dsm-1). Exogenous application of SA concentration (0.5 mM), under salt stress (3 dsm-1) increased coleoptile length in MCC789 genotype (P≤0.05). Seed priming with SA leads to an activation of germination and seedling growth, while the enhancement of the division of root apical cells are important contribution to the growth stimulating effect of SA. In seedling stage, salinity decreased stem and root dry weight. SA and on some salinity levels, significantly increased stem dry weight in MCC789 and total root length in MCC414 genotype (P≤0.05). The decline in plant productivity under saline condition is frequently linked with the reduction in leaf area and stomatal conductance. Positive effects of SA on growth characteristics, in wheat, barley and maize have been reported. In both genotype, chlorophyll index, transpiration rate, membrane stability index and efficiency of PSII photochemistry significantly decreased and stomatal resistance increased under salt stress in flowering stage. Serious reduction in stomatal conductance and transpiration rate are adaptive mechanisms under salt stress. Halophytes such as Beta vulgaris and Spartina townsendi have salinity tolerance and show a combination of low photosynthesis, minimal transpiration, high stomatal resistance and low internal CO2 concentrations. Studies showed chlorophyll contents decreased under saline condition. Biochemical analysis of leaves of different maize cultivars for proline and chlorophyll contents indicated that proline accumulation increased and chlorophyll contents decreased under saline condition. SA application increased chlorophyll index and membrane stability index respectively in MCC789 and MCC414 genotypes. In both genotypes, stomatal resistance, significantly decreased and efficiency of PSII photochemistry increased with SA treatment under salt stress (12 dsm-1) (P≤0.05). Studies have shown that salicylic acid protects membranes by increasing polyamines such as putrescine, spermine, spermidine, as well as membrane sustainable complexes. In wheat, SA application improves the Fv/Fm. Szepesi et al, (2005) reported SA (10-6 and 10-7 M) could increase Fv/Fm in tomato plants under drought stress. Conclusion The results indicated that the modulator effects on salicylic acid on germination and other physiological processes of chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Key words: Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), Efficiency of PSII photochemistry, Growth parameters, Membrane stability index, Salicylic acid, Salt stress}, keywords = {Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.),Efficiency of PSII photochemistry,growth parameters,Membrane stability index,salicylic acid,Salt stress}, title_fa = {برهمکنش اثرات شوری و سالیسیلیک‌اسید بر جوانه‌زنی، رشد و برخی از ویژگی‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک ژنوتیپ‌های نخود (Cicer arietinum L.)}, abstract_fa = {تحقیقات نشان‌داده است که سالیسیلیک‌اسید می‌تواند تحمل گیاهان به تنش‌های محیطی از جمله شوری را بهبود بخشد. مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر سالیسیلیک‌اسید بر صفات مربوط به جوانه‌زنی، رشد و برخی از خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی دو ژنوتیپ نخود (MCC414 و MCC789) در مواجهه با تنش شوری در مراحل گیاهچه‌ای و گلدهی انجام شد. این آزمایش در مرحله جوانه‌زنی در پنج‌سطح شوری شامل صفر، 3، 5، 10 و dsm-1‌12و سه غلظت صفر، 5/0 و یک میلی‌مولار سالیسیلیک‌اسید و در مرحله گیاهچه‌ای و گلدهی شامل سه‌سطح شوری صفر، 4 و dsm-18 و تیمار سالیسیلیک‌اسید با غلظت‌های صفر و 5/0 میلی‌مولار به‌صورت فاکتوریل، در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه‌تکرار انجام شد. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده نشان‌داد که در هر دو ژنوتیپ با افزایش سطح تنش شوری، سرعت جوانه‌زنی کاهش یافت. کاربرد سالیسیلیک‌اسید (5/0‌میلی‌مولار) در ژنوتیپ MCC789 در سطح تنش شوری 3 و dsm-112 به‌ترتیب، سرعت و درصد جوانه‌زنی را بهبود بخشید. همچنین در سطح تنش شوری dsm-110 استفاده از سالیسیلیک‌اسید (یک و 5/0‌میلی‌مولار) سرعت جوانه‌زنی را در ژنوتیپ MCC414 افزایش داد. در این ژنوتیپ در شوری dsm-112 سالیسیلیک‌اسید (یک میلی‌مولار) سبب افزایش طول ریشه‌چه و ساقه‌چه شد و در ژنوتیپ MCC789، استفاده از سالیسیلیک‌اسید (5/0‌میلی‌مولار) در سطح تنش شوری dsm-13، طول ساقه‌چه را افزایش داد. در مرحلة گیاهچه‌ای کاهش وزن خشک ریشه و ساقه در سطوح مختلف تنش شوری مشاهده شد. در سطح شوری dsm-14، کاربرد خارجی سالیسیلیک‌اسید در ژنوتیپ MCC789 و MCC414 به‌ترتیب وزن خشک ساقه و مجموع طول ریشه‌ها را افزایش داد. در مرحلة گلدهی، در هر دو ژنوتیپ تنش شوری موجب کاهش شاخص کلروفیل، شاخص پایداری غشاء، میزان تعرق و کارایی فتوسیستم‌II و افزایش مقاومت روزنه‌ای شد. سالیسیلیک‌اسید در تنش شوری dsm-18، شاخص کلروفیل را در ژنوتیپ MCC789 و در ژنوتیپ MCC414 شاخص پایداری غشاء را افزایش داد. در هر دو ژنوتیپ سالیسیلیک‌اسید در تنش شوری dsm-1‌8، سبب کاهش مقاومت روزنه‌ای و افزایش کارایی فتوسیستم‌II شد. این نتایج می‌تواند گویای اثر تعدیل‌کنندة سالیسیلیک‌اسید بر جوانه‌زنی و فرآیند‌های فیزیولوژیک گیاه نخود تحت تنش شوری باشد. با توجه به نتایج، احتمالاً ژنوتیپ MCC789 نسبت به ژنوتیپ MCC414 از حساسیت بیشتری به تنش شوری برخوردار است. واژه‌های کلیدی: تنش شوری، سالیسیلیک‌اسید، شاخص پایداری غشاء، کارایی فتوسیستم‌ΙΙ ، نخود}, keywords_fa = {تنش شوری,سالیسیلیک‌اسید,شاخص پایداری غشاء,کارایی فتوسیستم‌ΙΙ,نخود}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32175.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32175_515b55fbcae6a5290ee7c6caa22aa30b.pdf} } @article { author = {mohammadnezhad, Rahim bakhsh and Izadi Darbandi, Ibrahim and Rastgoo, Mehdi and Lakzian, Amir}, title = {Effects of soil residues of some wheat sulfonylurea and aryloxy phenoxy propionate herbicides on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) growth, nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {95-108}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.44877}, abstract = {Introduction Soil herbicides residue in agroecosystems is one of the important problems due to herbicides application. However herbicides residue in soil extend the period of weed control. Nevertheless, it may persist longer than desired and injure subsequent crops in rotation. Herbicides vary in their potential to persist in the soil. Some herbicides such as sulfonylurea herbicides are very persistent. Among registered herbicides for weed control in wheat fields in Iran, Sulfonylurea (e.g. sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon) and aryloxy phenoxy propionate (e.g. Diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) are more important groups. With regard to the persistence of mentioned herbicides in soil, sulfonylurea herbicides may create problems in crop rotation. Since chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of important crops in rotation with wheat in Iran and the effect of sulfosulfuron, metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon, diclofop-methyl and fenoxaprop-p-ethyl on its growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation have not been studied yet. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of mentioned herbicides residue in soilon growth, nodulation, and nitrogen fixation of chickpea genotypes in controlled conditions. Material and Methods In order to study the effects of soil residue of some sulfonylurea and aryloxy phenoxy propionate herbicides on growth, nodulation and nitrogen fixation of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a pot experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three replications. Factors included herbicide type in four levels (diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon), herbicides residue in soil in eight levels (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 percent of recommended dose for each herbicide) and chickpea genotypes in three levels (Hashem, ILC 482, and KaKa). After mixing the herbicide solution with prepared soil and planting, plants were maintained until the beginning of reproductive stage. In the early stage of reproductive, shoot biomass and root biomass, number of root node and total nitrogen content of plants were measured. The data were statistically analyzed using variance analysis, and differences among mean values of treatments were compared by Duncan test (p≤0.05) in SAS. For determination the dose of herbicides required to reduce 50% of plants response (ED50), the dose response curves were fitted simultaneously using the following three-parameter logistic model. f(x,(b,d,e))= d/(1+exp⁡〖{b(log⁡(x)-log⁡〖(e))}〗 〗 ) Where f is the response (above ground dry weight, root dry weight and node dry weight), d is the upper limit, b is the curve slope, e denotes the dose required to give a response halfway between the upper and lower limits (ED50); and x is the herbicide concentration in soil. The validity of the above model and the comparison between the parameters were made using F-test for lack-of-fit with a 5% level of significance. Results and Discussion Results showed that sulfonylurea (sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon) and aryloxy phenoxy propionate (diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl) had the highest and the lowest effect on mentioned traits of plants, respectively. By increasing of sulfonylurea herbicides residue in soil, all measured traits decreased significantly (p≤0.01). However, soil residue of aryloxy phenoxy propionates herbicides did not significantly affect on chickpea genotypes. The lowest ED50 (0.0025 mg kg-1 soil) and the highest ED50 (0.0047 mg kg-1 soil) of sulfosulfuron herbicide soil residue for shoot biomass, were observed in Hashem and ILC482 genotypes, respectively and the lowest ED50 (0.0057 mg kg-1 soil) and the highest ED50 (0.0837 mg kg-1 soil) of metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon herbicide soil residue, were observed in ILC482 and KaKa genotypes, respectively. Considering the results of the study, it can be noted that Hashem genotype showed more sensitivity to sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon herbicides soil residue compared to the other genotypes. Generally, results of this experiment showed that soil residue of sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon herbicides had significant and negative impact on chickpea growth. On the other hand, chickpea genotypes had different sensitivity to soil residue herbicides. Conclusion Results indicated that it is necessary to look the interval time in chickpea planting in rotation of wheat-chickpea. Moreover, selection of less sensitive chickpea genotypes to soil residue of sulfosulfuron and metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon herbicides could be useful in their residue management. Key words: Chickpea genotypes, Diclofop-methyl, Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, Metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon, Sulfosulfuron}, keywords = {Chickpea genotypes,Diclofop-methyl,Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl,Metsulforon-methyl+sulfosulforon,Sulfosulfuron}, title_fa = {بررسی اثرات باقیماندة برخی از ‌علف‌کش‌‌های سولفونیل اوره و آریلوکسی‌فنوکسی‌پروپیونات‌های مورد استفاده درگندم درخاک بر رشد، گره‌زایی و تثبیت نیتروژن در ژنوتیپ‌های نخود}, abstract_fa = {پسماند علف‌کش‌ها در خاک از مهم‌ترین تبعات کاربرد علف‌کش‌ها می‌باشد که ضمن این‌که باعث آلودگی اکوسیستم خاک می‌شود، محدودیت تناوب زراعی و تداخل در چرخه زیستی خاک را نیز به‌دنبال خواهند داشت. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر بقایای علف‌کش‌هایدیکلوفوپ‌متیل، فنوکساپروپ پی‌اتیل، سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون که از پُرمصرف‌ترین علف‌کش‌های مورداستفاده در مزارع گندم کشور می‌باشند، در خاک بر رشد، گره‌زایی و تثبیت نیتروژن در نخود، آزمایشی گلخانه‌ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی و در سه‌تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1392انجام شد.عوامل مورد‌بررسی شامل ژنوتیپ‌های نخود درسه‌سطح 950MCC (هاشم)،463MCC(آی‌ال‌سی‌482) و 362 MC(کاکا)، علف‌کش‌ها درچهار‌سطح (دیکلوفوپ‌متیل، فنوکساپروپ پی‌اتیل، سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون) و بقایای علف‌کش‌ها در خاکدر هشت‌سطح(0، 5/2، 5، 10، 15، 20، 30 و 40‌درصد مقادیر توصیه‌شده علف‌کش‌ها) بودند. درابتدای مرحله زایشی گیاهان، زیست‌توده اندام هوایی، ریشه، گره، تعداد گره و مقدار نیتروژن کل آنها اندازه‌گیری شد.بر اساسنتایجحاصلازاینپژوهش،بقایایعلف‌کش‌هایخانوادهسولفونیل‌اوره و آریلوکسی‌فنوکسی‌پروپیونات‌هابه‌ترتیببیشترینوکمترینتأثیرمنفیرابررویصفاتمذکورداشتند.باافزایشباقیماندهبقایایعلف‌کش‌هایخانوادهسولفونیل‌اوره (سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون)درخاک،تمامصفاتمورد‌بررسیژنوتیپ‌هاینخودبه‌شدتکاهشیافت. اما علف‌کش‌های خانواده آریلوکسی‌فنوکسی‌پروپیونات‌ها(علف‌کش‌هایدیکلوفوپ‌متیل، فنوکساپروپ‌پی‌اتیل) تأثیر متفاوتی بر صفات مذکور داشتند. علف‌کش دیکلوفوپ‌متیل تأثیر معنی‌داری بر صفات مورد‌مطالعه ژنوتیپ‌های نخود نداشت. حال این‌که بقایای علف‌کش فنوکساپروپ‌پی‌اتیل منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار رشد و تثبیت نیتروژن نخود شد. براساسشاخص ED50، در علف‌کش سولفوسولفورون کمترین ED50 (0025/0میلی‌گرم درکیلوگرم خاک) و بیشترین ED50 (0047/0میلی‌گرم درکیلوگرم خاک) برای زیست‌توده اندام‌های هوایی به‌ترتیب در ژنوتیپ‌های هاشم و آی‌ال‌سی‌482 مشاهده شد و در علف‌کش مت‌سولفورون‌متیل+سولفوسولفورن کمترینED50 (0057/0میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) و بیشترینED50 (0837/0میلی‌گرم در کیلوگرم خاک) به‌ترتیب در ژنوتیپ‌های آی‌ال‌سی482‌ و کاکا مشاهده شد. به‌طور کلی نتایج این آزمایش نشان از تأثیر منفی و معنی‌دار بقایای علف‌کش‌های سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون بر رشد نخود دارند. از سوی دیگر ژنوتیپ‌های نخود حساسیت متفاوتی به بقایای آنها در خاک دارند. با توجه به نتایج مذکور به‌نظر می‌رسد رعایت فاصله زمانی کاشت در تناوب گندم-‌نخود ضروری بوده و انتخاب ژنوتیپ‌های با حساسیت کمتر به بقایای علف‌کش‌های سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون در مدیریت باقیمانده آنها در خاک مفید باشد. واژه‌های کلیدی: دیکلوفوپ‌متیل، ژنوتیپ‌های نخود، فنوکساپروپ‌پی‌اتیل، سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون}, keywords_fa = {دیکلوفوپ‌متیل,ژنوتیپ‌های نخود,فنوکساپروپ‌پی‌اتیل,سولفوسولفورون و مت‌سولفورن‌متیل+سولفوسولفورون}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32216.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32216_5fdc87aa25ceb54495cd49e2dd85b99d.pdf} } @article { author = {Ganji Khorramdel, naser and Imanmehr, abdollah}, title = {Effects of different irrigation methods on physical, mechanical and biological properties of red bean}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {109-124}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.44931}, abstract = {Introduction Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) or common beans have been characterized as a nearly perfect food because of their high protein, fiber, perebiotic and vitamin B (Lymo et al, 1992; Geil et al., 1994). Dry beans can also be grown in a variety of eco-agricultural regions. As a result, dry beans are used throughout the world representing 50% of the grain legumes consumed as a human food source. Bean forms a good source of income for farm families. In Iran, bean is a major source of food security, readily available and popular food to both the urban and rural population. Of the different dry bean varieties grown in Iran; "Red, Naz, Goli and Sayad "account for vast majority in term of production and consumption. Although all the varieties contain similar major components (protein, fat, carbohydrates and minerals), each have unique minor physical, mechanical and biological profiles that can affect their functional food outcomes. Yet, dry bean is understudied with research programs remaining critically underfunded compared to other commodities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to provide physical, mechanical and biological information on Red dry bean as an important crop. Materials and Methods The beans were selected and cleaned manually. It was ensured that the seeds were free of dirt, broken and immature once, and other foreign materials. The experiment was carried out for five irrigation methods (sub-surface trickle, surface trickle, sprinkler center pivot, solid set sprinkler and modified surface irrigation) and four water levels of crop water requirement (50%, 75%, 100% and 125%) on yield and physical and mechanical properties of red bean landraces in central of Iran. Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications for one year in Isfahan. In this research parameters such as geometrical diameter, sphericitypercent, angle of repose and grain strength were measured and the effect of experimental treatments on these parameters were investigated. Results and Discussion Physical, mechanical and biological properties of agriculturally, nutritionally and industrially valuated seed materials are important in designing the equipment for harvest, transport, storage, processing, cleaning, hulling and milling. The analysis results showed that increasing the amount of using water, increased the grain volume. Else the irrigation systems showed different effects on kernel parameters. It was notable that none of the treatments of using water and irrigation systems did not affect the grain hardness. With increasing water requirement from 50% to 125%, the volume seeds of bean gradually increased from 647 cubic mm to 790 cubic mm. Most of bean seed volume with 876 cubic mm was achieved with 125% water requirement under sub-surface trickle irrigation system. The most of establishment angle of seed with 23.2 degree and friction coefficient with 0.387 was achieved under sub surface trickle irrigation respectively and the least of them with 20.4 degree and 0.355 was achieved under modified surface irrigation respectively. The results of statistical analysis of biological characteristics showed that only irrigation system had a significant effect on germination of seeds. The maximum percent of germination was 94.7% in modified irrigation system and then sub surface trickle, surface trickle, solid set and center pivot respectively. Conclusion This study provided basic information on physical, mechanical and biological properties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The current investigation was conducted on dry red bean. Physical, mechanical and biological attributes including geometrical diameter, sphericity percent, angle of repose and grain strength, seed mass, seed size, seed density and seed germination were measured and the effect of experimental treatments on these parameters were also investigated. The results of this study are expected to be useful for plant breeders, consumers and the food industry. Key words: Biological properties, Deficit irrigation, Irrigation systems, Mechanical properties, Physical properties, Red Bean seed}, keywords = {Biological properties,Deficit irrigation,Irrigation systems,Mechanical properties,Physical properties,Red Bean seed}, title_fa = {اثرات روش‌های مختلف کم‌آبیاری بر خواص فیزیکی، مکانیکی و بیولوژیکی لوبیای قرمز}, abstract_fa = {تحقیق حاضر، با هدف بررسی تأثیر پنج روش آبیاری شامل آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی، قطره‌ای سطحی، بارانی سنترپیوت، بارانی ثابت و آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده و چهار سطح نیاز آبی گیاه شامل 50، 75، 100 و 125‌درصد بر خصوصیات فیزیکی، مکانیکی و بیولوژیکی دانه لوبیای قرمز (رقم ناز) انجام شد. آزمایش‌ها به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه‌تکرار اجرا گردید. در این تحقیق پارامترهای ابعاد، قطر متوسط هندسی، کرویت، حجم، سطح ، دانسیته حجمی، دانسیته واقعی، تخلخل، سختی دانه، زاویه استقرار، ضریب اصطکاک، شاخص شناوری، درصد جوانه‌زنی و قدرت دانه اندازه‌گیری شد و اثر تیمارهای آزمایش بر فاکتورهای فوق بررسی گردید. نتایج نشان داد که بزرگترین ابعاد دانه و قطر هندسی لوبیا با سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و کمترین ابعاد دانه با سیستم آبیاری بارانی سنترپیوت به‌دست آمد. تنها نیاز آبی و اثر متقابل آن با سیستم آبیاری اثرات معنی‌داری را بر درصد کرویت دانه ‌نشان‌داد. مقادیر دانسیته حجمی تحت سیستم آبیاری سطحی بیشترین مقدار (722‌گرم بر لیتر) و تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی کمترین مقدار (689 ‌گرم بر لیتر) بود. دانسیته واقعی، درصد تخلخل و شاخص شناوری توسط تیمارهای آزمایش تحت تأثیر قرار نگرفتند. بیشترین رطوبت دانه متعلق به دانه‌های تولیدی تحت سیستم‌های آبیاری بارانی ثابت و محور گردشی (4/16 و 16درصد) بود. وزن صد‌دانه و حجم دانه با افزایش مقدار آب مصرفی روند صعودی داشتند. بیشترین حجم دانه لوبیا (mm3) 876، تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و با بیشترین میزان آب مصرفی برابر 125‌درصد نیاز آبی به‌دست آمد. بیشترین زاویه استقرار دانه‌ها برابر 2/23‌‌درجه و ضریب اصطکاک 387/0، تحت سیستم آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی و کمترین زاویه استقرار برابر 4/20‌درجه و ضریب اصطکاک استاتیکی برابر 355/0 تحت آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده حاصل گردید. سختی دانه تحت تأثیر هیچ‌یک از تیمارهای مقدار آب مصرفی و سیستم‌های آبیاری قرار نگرفت. بیشترین سختی دانه (N/mm2 5/61) در سیستم آبیاری زیر‌سطحی و کمترین مقاومت دانه (N/mm2 3/56) در سیستم آبیاری سطحی حاصل گردید. نتایج آنالیز آماری خصوصیات بیولوژیکی ‌نشان‌داد که تنها سیستم آبیاری اثر معنی‌داری بر درصد جوانه‌زنی دانه دارد و بیشترین درصد جوانه‌زنی برابر 7/94درصد مربوط به دانه‌های تولید شده تحت سیستم آبیاری سطحی اصلاح‌شده و پس از آن آبیاری قطره‌ای زیر‌سطحی، قطره‌ای سطحی، بارانی ثابت و در نهایت سیستم بارانی سنتر پیوت بود. واژه‌های کلیدی: خواص بیولوژیکی، خواص فیزیکی، خواص مکانیکی، سیستم‌های آبیاری، کم‌آبیاری، لوبیای قرمز}, keywords_fa = {خواص بیولوژیکی,خواص فیزیکی,خواص مکانیکی,سیستم‌های آبیاری,کم‌آبیاری,لوبیای قرمز}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32236.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32236_834b3e1393067bdd3f8f2b80e2a7db27.pdf} } @article { author = {Kavousi, Hamid Reza and Barandeh, Fatemeh}, title = {Effect of Cadmium on changes of some enzymatic and none-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems in lentil seedlings (Lens culinaris Medik.)}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {125-137}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.45542}, abstract = {Introduction Throughout their life cycle, plants are subjected to various types of environmental stresses which include salinity, water deficit, temperature extremes, toxic metal ion concentration and UV radiation. These environmental factors limit the growth and productivity of plants to various degrees, depending upon severity of stress. Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major current environmental health problems and potential dangerous due to bioaccumulation through the food chain and in plant products for human consumption. Cadmium (Cd) is a high toxic trace element that enters the environment mainly from industrial processes and phosphate fertilizers. It can reach high levels in agricultural soil and is easily accumulated in plants. Cd ions are taken up readily by the plant roots and translocated to the above-ground vegetative parts. The presence of Cd at higher concentrations in the soil damages root tips, reduces nutrient and water uptake, impairs photosynthesis and inhibits growth of the plants. Furthermore, Cd directly or indirectly induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which affect the redox status of the cell and cause oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and other biomolecules. Cd damages the nucleoli in cells of the root tip, alters the synthesis of RNA, inhibits ribonuclease activity and inhibits the DNA repairing mechanism. Understanding the biochemical and molecular responses to Cd stress is essential for a holistic opinion of plant resistance mechanisms of heavy metal stress. Materials and Methods In this study, the effect of different concentrations of cadmium on proline and phenolic contents, activity of some antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonialyase in Lense culinaris Medik. was studied. Therefore, two-week-old plantlets were treated with different concentrations of cadmium chloride (0 as control, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 mM) of cadmium chloride for 10 days and then the above mentioned factors were investigated. The experiments were carried out by using a complete randomized block design with three replications. The statistical analyses were carried out using the SAS version 9. Changes in biochemical parameters were tested statistically by performing one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The treatment means separated using Duncan's multiple-range test (DMRT) taking P < 0.05 as significant. Results and Discussion Surveying the results indicated that the amount of non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds (phenol and proline) were increased in treated seedlings compared with the control. Review of the literature indicates that a stressful environment results in an overproduction of proline in plants which in turn imparts stress tolerance by maintaining cell turgor or osmotic balance; stabilizing membranes thereby preventing electrolyte leakage; and bringing concentrations of ROS within normal ranges, thus preventing oxidative burst in plants. The increase in phenolic content may be due to protective function of these compounds against heavy metal stress by metal chelation and ROS scavenging. The results obtained from measuring the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed that with increasing concentrations of cadmium, the activity of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were increased in lentil seedlings. However, this increase was more evident at concentrations greater than 0.5 mM. These results suggest that lentil seedlings tend to cope with free radicals generated by Cd through coordinated, enhanced activities of the antioxidative enzymes involved in detoxification. With increasing levels of cadmium in the medium, the activity of the phenylalanine ammonialyase also increased. The trend of phenylalanine ammonialyase activity induction in response to different concentrations of cadmium, was similar to those of antioxidant enzymes. Although the induction of activity of this enzyme was higher than the antioxidant enzymes. PAL is a key enzyme in the phenolic metabolism that has been reported to protect plants against stress conditions via synthesizing various phenylpropanoid products such as simple phenols, anthocyanin, flavonoid, and lignin. Conclusion The present study demonstrated that antioxidative system in L. culinaris underwent biochemical changes to survive under high concentrations of cadmium. Increase in metal chelate components (free phenols and proline) in all treatment levels proves this fact. Proline and phenolic compounds produced by the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in lentil played a major role in its response to Cd stress. Also that prolonged stress induced by Cd concentrations, can result into the activation of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. Key words: Antioxidant enzymes, Cadmium, Lentil, Phenylalanine ammonialyase, Total phenolics}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Cadmium, Lentil, Phenylalanine ammonialyase,Total phenolics}, title_fa = {اثر کادمیوم بر تغییرات برخی اجزاء سیستم دفاع آنتی‌اُکسیدان آنزیمی و غیرآنزیمی در گیاهچه‌های عدس}, abstract_fa = {سیستم‌های دفاعی متعددی در فائق‌آمدن گیاهان به شرایط تنش‌زا با یکدیگر همکاری می‌نمایند. یکی از این تنش‌ها آلودگی محیط رویش گیاهان به فلزات سنگین است. در این تحقیق به بررسی اثر غلظت‌های مختلف کلرید‌کادمیوم بر محتوای پرولین، فعالیت برخی آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان، فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز و ترکیبات فنلی کل در گیاه عدس پرداخته شده است. از این‌رو، گیاهچه‌های دو هفته‌ای به‌مدت 10‌روز با غلظت‌های مختلف (صفر (شاهد)، 125/0، 25/0، 5/0، 1، 5/2 و 5‌میلی‌مولار) کلرید‌کادمیوم مورد تیمار قرار گرفتند و فاکتورهای ذکرشده در بالا مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. نتایج بررسی نشان‌داد که میزان ترکیبات آنتی‌اُکسیدان غیر‌آنزیمی (پرولین و فنل) کادمیوم به‌طور معنی‌داری در گیاهچه‌های تیمار‌شده در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش داد. نتایج حاصل از اندازه‌گیری میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان نشان‌داد که با افزایش غلظت کادمیوم، میزان فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان سوپراُکسید‌دیسموتاز، کاتالاز و آسکوربات‌پراُکسیداز در گیاهچه‌های عدس افزایش پیدا می‌کند. هرچند این افزایش در غلظت‌های بیشتر از 5/0‌میلی‌مولار مشهودتر بود. با افزایش میزان کادمیوم در محیط، میزان فعالیت آنزیم فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز نیز افزایش نشان‌داد. روند افزایش میزان فعالیت این آنزیم در پاسخ به غلظت‌های مختلف کادمیوم، همانند آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان بود. هرچند میزان القاء فعالیت این آنزیم در مقایسه با آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان بیشتر بود. از نتایج حاصل می‌توان چنین نتیجه‌گیری کرد که سیستم دفاع آنتی‌اُکسیدانی آنزیمی، پرولین و ترکیبات فنلی تولیدشده از طریق مسیر فنیل‌پروپانوئید نقش کلیدی در پاسخ گیاه عدس به تنش فلز سنگین کادمیوم ایفاء می‌کنند. واژه‌های کلیدی: آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان، ترکیبات فنلی کل، عدس، فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز، کادمیوم}, keywords_fa = {آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اُکسیدان,ترکیبات فنلی کل,عدس,فنیل‌آلانین‌آمونیالیاز,کادمیوم}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32263.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32263_2b300eab9f97cca5e785a2cd28247418.pdf} } @article { author = {Keikha, Mojtaba and Noori, Mohsen and Keshtehgar, Abbas}, title = {Effect of salicylic acid and gibberellin on yield and yield components of Mungbean (Vigna radiata)}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {138-151}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.45907}, abstract = {Introduction The plant hormones such as salicylic acid and gibberellin can affect the quantity and quality of crops. External application of plant growth regulators as a strategy for improving salt tolerance in plants is discussed. Foreign Salicylic acid can regulate antioxidant enzyme activity and increase plant resistance to abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid reduction due to ethylene through the effect on the mechanisms of enzymatic and non-enzymatic of plant improves oxidative stress protection. Gibberellic acid increased amylase activity in the cotyledons of mung bean seedlings. Gibberellin are for the elongation of cells in the embryo and endosperm during seed germination. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and gibberellin on yield and yield components of mung bean, an experiment was conducted using factorial experiment in the form of RCBD with three replications at Research Farm of Agro-Industry Center of Goharkooh Khash (Iran) in 2014. In this experiment salicylic acid was used at four different concentrations including A1 (0 ppm [control]), A2 (25 ppm), A3 (50 ppm) and A4 (100 ppm) as first factor and gibberellin in three different concentrations B1 (0 ppm [control]), B2 (50 ppm) and B3 (100 ppm) as second factor. Agricultural traits including plant height, forage yield, dry matter yield, grain yield, 1000 seed weight and harvest index. Results and Discussions The results showed that in the treatment of 50 ppm of salicylic acid the highest dry matter yield was obtained by 1837 kg per hectare and 49% increase compared to the control, 513.3 kg per hectare grain yield by 36.19% increase compared to control, and harvest index also amounted to 27.11 percent compared to the control was 30/76%. In the treatment of 100 ppm gibberellin best dry matter yield by 1469.36 kg per hectare and 20.9% increase compared with the control, grain yield by 508.08 kg per hectare yield and 31.09% increase compared to control, and harvest index by 25.66 percent and 20.45% compared to control increased, respectively. It seems that salicylic acid and gibberellin increased cell division in the meristem plantlets and thus improved the plant growth. Salicylic acid and gibberellin through proper inflammatory cells, increase division, elongation and cell differentiation, the allocation of the substances synthesized for growth and prolong the period of growth may rise to normal cells, and thus increase the plant height. The comparison shows that primed seeds to create favorable conditions by increasing plant height, relative water content, proline content and soluble sugar content reduction was significantly increased plant biomass and grain yield. Vetch dry matter accumulation yield, plant height and yield of forage plants can be attributed to a high levelof dry matter accumulation in different parts of the plant. Concentrations of salicylic acid and gibberellin treatments, have increasd plant height and ultimately produced a better performance. The use of these plant hormones can increase the rate of photosynthesis and the transfer of materials to the seeds. Reserves accumulated in the stem before pollination can also in some plants be used for grain filling, in addition to the present assimilate used, resulting in an increase in harvest index contributed. Foreign Salicylic acid can regulate antioxidant enzyme activity and increase plant resistance to abiotic stresses. Salicylic acid reduction due to ethylene through the effect on the mechanisms of enzymatic and non-enzymatic of plant improves oxidative stress protection. Gibberellic acid increased amylase activity in the cotyledons of mung bean seedlings. Gibberellin are for the elongation of cells in the embryo and endosperm during seed germination. Conclusion The results showed that in the treatment of 50 ppm of salicylic acid the highest dry matter yield was obtained by 1837 kg per hectare and 49% increase compared to the control, 513.3 kg per hectare grain yield by 36.19% increase compared to control, and harvest index also amounted to 27.11% compared to the control was 30/76%. In the treatment of 100 ppm gibberellin best dry matter yield by 1469.36 kg per hectare and 20.9% increase compared with the control, grain yield by 508.08 kg per hectare yield and 31.09% increase compared to control, and harvest index by 25.66 percent and 20.45% compared to control increased, respectively. In general it can be stated that salicylic acid and gibberellin have positive and significant impact on traits, and vetch plants grow better with treatment of 50 ppm of salicylic acid and 100 ppm of gibberellin. Key words: Dry matter yield, Fabaceae, Germination percentage, Growth regulators, Harvest index, Plant hormones}, keywords = {Dry matter yield,Fabaceae,Germination percentage,Growth regulators,Harvest index,Plant hormones}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر سالیسیلیک‌اسید‌ و جیبرلین بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ماش (Vigna radiata)}, abstract_fa = {چکیده هورمون‌های گیاهی از جمله سالیسیلیک‌اسید‌ و جیبرلین بر صفات کمّی و کیفی گیاهان زراعی مؤثر‌ند. کاربرد خارجی تنظیم‌کننده‌های رشد گیاهی به‌عنوان راهکاری مؤثر برای بهبود مقاومت به شوری در گیاهان مطرح است. به‌منظور بررسی اثر سالیسیلیک‌اسید‌ و جیبرلین بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ماش، آزمایشی در سال 1393 در مرکز تحقیقات کشت‌و‌صنعت گوهرکوه خاش به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی، با سه‌تکرار انجام شد. در این بررسی سالیسیلیک‌اسید در چهار‌غلظت مختلف شامل 0، 25، 50 و 100پی‌پی‌ام به‌عنوان عامل اول و جیبرلین در سه‌غلظت 0، 50 و 100پی‌پی‌ام به‌عنوان عامل دوم بودند. صفات مورد‌بررسی شامل ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد علوفه تَر و خشک، عملکرد دانه، وزن هزار‌دانه و شاخص برداشت بودند. نتایج نشان‌داد که در تیمار 50‌پی‌پی‌ام سالیسیلیک‌اسید‌ بهترین عملکرد علوفه خشک به‌میزان 1837‌کیلوگرم در هکتار و 49‌درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد، عملکرد دانه به‌میزان 3/513‌کیلوگرم در هکتار و 19/36‌درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد و شاخص برداشت نیز به‌میزان 11/27‌درصد بود که نسبت به شاهد 76/30‌درصد افزایش نشان‌داد و در تیمار 100‌پی‌پی‌ام جیبرلین بهترین عملکرد علوفه خشک به‌میزان 36/1469‌کیلوگرم در هکتار و 9/20‌درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد، عملکرد دانه به‌میزان 08/508‌کیلوگرم در هکتار و 09/31‌درصد افزایش نسبت به شاهد و شاخص برداشت نیز به‌میزان 66/25‌درصد بود که نسبت به شاهد 45/20‌درصد افزایش نشان‌داد. به‌طور کلی می‌توان بیان کرد که سالیسیلیک‌اسید و جیبرلین بر صفات مورد‌بررسی تأثیر معنی‌دار مثبت داشتند و رشد بهتر بوته‌های ماش در تیمار 50‌پی‌پی‌ام سالیسیلیک‌اسید‌ و 100‌پی‌پی‌ام جیبرلین مشاهده شد. واژه‌های کلیدی: تنظیم‌کننده رشد، درصد جوانه‌زنی، حبوبات، شاخص برداشت، عملکرد علوفه خشک، هورمون‌های گیاهی}, keywords_fa = {تنظیم‌کننده رشد,درصد جوانه‌زنی,حبوبات,شاخص برداشت,عملکرد علوفه خشک,هورمون‌های گیاهی}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32285.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32285_26ce52646775aba4f3327176c617bbf9.pdf} } @article { author = {mirshekari, bahram}, title = {Study effect of sowing ratios in Marigold (Calendula officinalis) and Mungbean (Vigna radiata) intercropping systems on weed control and Mungbean yield improvement}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {152-163}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.45919}, abstract = {Introduction Sustainability of agricultural systems may improve due to intercropping as a result of diversity increasing. Marigold (Calendula officinalis) is a major medicinal plant from Asteraceae family, though weeds suppress it because of lower competitiveness against weeds. Mungbean (Vigna radiata) is a pulse crop from Fabaceae family and is one of the major nutritive sources especially in developing countries. Intercropping systems has a major role in suitable weeds control in crop fields. A primary and direct way of increasing diversity of an agro ecosystem is intercropping system that allows interaction between the individuals of the different crops and varieties. Intercropping can add temporal diversity through the sequential planting of different crops during the same season. To optimize plant density, the sowing rate of each crop in the mixture is adjusted below its full rate. If full rates of each crop were planted, neither would yield well because of intense overcrowding. By reducing the sowing rates of each, the crops have a chance to yield well within the mixture. A research study was conducted by Hunsigi & Gupta (2010) revealed that intercropping of basil (Ocimum basilicum) with mungbean in planting pattern of 25% basil and 100% mungbean lead to higher land equivalent ratio (LER). Shahbazi and Sarajuoghi (2012) reported that in multiple cropping of faba bean and maize crops with mixing rates of 75% maize and 25% faba bean yield and yield components of maize crop was the highest. This study has performed to evaluation intercropping effect of mungbean (Vigna radiata) with two varieties of marigold Kampar and Porpar on yield and yield components of the both crops and weeds biomass. Materials and Methods A field study was conducted on marigold and mungbean in a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design in three replications in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, north-west of Iran, during 2014. The climate of research site is semi-arid cold with an average annual precipitation of 271 mm. The soil was sandy-loam with EC of 0.72 dS m-1 and pH of 7.8. The field was ploughed twice (October 2013 and March 2014) and fertilizers applied, based on soil analysis, were 80 kg ha-1 and 120 kg ha-1 of triple super phosphate and urea respectively. The field then harrowed to prepare the final seed bed. Plots size was 3×4 m. Treatments were marigold cultivars (Kampar, Porpar) and mungbean sowing rates (0, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% of optimum density). An important tool for the study and evaluation of intercropping systems is the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). LER providing that all other things being equal measure of the yield advantage obtained by growing two or more crops or varieties as an intercrop compared to growing the same crops or varieties as a collection of separate monocultures. LER thus allows us to go beyond a description of the pattern of diversity into an analysis of the advantages of intercropping. The LER is calculated using the below formula. LER=Yci/Yc + Ymi/Ym An LER value of 1.0, indicating no difference in yield between the intercrop and the collection of monocultures. Any Value greater than 1.0 indicates a yield advantage for intercrop. All data were statistically analyzed based on Randomized Complete Block Design, using MSTAT-C software. The means of the treatments were compared using the Duncan’s Multiple Range test at * P < 0.05. Results and Discussion Dominant weeds emerged in the experiment field were broad leaves weeds such as lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and small bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and narrow leaves weeds bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) and wild rye (Secale montaneum). Such as based on variance analysis, effect of marigold variety on its stem height and weeds biomass was significant. Sowing rates influenced weeds biomass and dry flower yield of marigold. Also, interaction of studied factors on grain number per pod and land equivalent ratio was significant. Results showed that in marigold cv. Porpar plots weeds had higher biomass than Kampar. When mungbean was sown with 37.5% of optimum density, marigold dry flower yield increased significantly. Greater flower yield was produced from marigold sole cropping and its intercropping with mungbean at 37.5% of optimum density, which were 103.5 and 95.8 g m-2, respectively. In planting patterns of 25% mungbean+100% marigold, 37.5% mungbean+100% marigold and 50% mungbean+100% marigold mungbean grain yields were higher (37.2, 39.9 and 41.6 g m-2 respectively). In all treatments except 12.5% mungbean+100% marigold land equivalent ratio was higher than unit. Conclusion Because of improvement of land equivalent ratio in marigold cv. Kampar intercropped with different densities of mungbean and also in marigold cv. Porpar intercropped with ˃25% optimum densities of mungbean plots, intercropping of 12.5% mungbean+100% marigold cv. Kampar and 25% mungbean+100% marigold in cv. Porpar could be recommended. Key words: Dry flower yield, Land equivalent ratio, Optimum density, Sole cropping}, keywords = {Dry flower yield,Land equivalent ratio,Optimum density,Sole cropping}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر نسبت‌های مختلف کشت مخلوط گل همیشه‌بهار (Calendula officinalis) با ماش (Vigna radiata) بر مهار علف‌های‌هرز و افزایش عملکرد ماش}, abstract_fa = {با ایجاد تنوع از طریق کشت مخلوط، پایداری نظام‌های زراعی افزایش می‌یابد. به‌منظور مطالعه تأثیر کشت مخلوط همیشه‌بهار با ماش بر عملکرد و بیوماس علف‌های‌هرز، آزمایشی در سال 1393 در دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تبریز به‌صورت کرت‌های خُرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‏های کامل تصادفی در سه ‌تکرار با دو فاکتور شامل دو رقم همیشه‌بهار پُرپَر و کم‌پَر و کشت ‌مخلوط آن‌ها با ماش در نسبت‌های صفر، 5/12، 25، 5/37 و 50درصد تراکم مطلوب انجام شد. در کرت‌های رقم کم‌پَر، علف‌های‌هرز توانایی رشد کمتری نسبت به رقم پُرپَر داشتند. وقتی ماش با 5/37درصد تراکم مطلوب کاشته شد، وزن خشک گل همیشه‌بهار افزایش یافت. بیشترین وزن خشک گل از دو تیمار کشت خالص و کشت مخلوط ماش با 5/37درصد تراکم مطلوب آن در کشت مخلوط با همیشه‌بهار و به‌ترتیب برابر با 5/103 و 8/95‌گرم در متر‌مربع حاصل گردید. در سیستم‌های کاشت 25درصد، 5/37درصد و 50درصد ماش به‌همراه 100درصد همیشه‌بهار بیشترین عملکرد دانه ماش به‌ترتیب برابر با 2/37، 9/39 و 6/41‌گرم در متر‌مربع حاصل شد. در تمامی تیمارها به‌جز تیمار کاشت مخلوط همیشه‌بهار پُرپَر با ماش در تراکم 5/12درصد نسبت برابری زمین بیشتر از یک بود. با توجه به بهبود شاخص نسبت برابری زمین در کشت مخلوط گل همیشه‌بهار کم‌پَر با ماش در تراکم‌های مختلف آن و نیز در کشت مخلوط رقم پُرپَر با ماش در تراکم‌های بیش از 25درصد و عدم وجود تفاوت معنی‌دار در مقدار این شاخص در تراکم‌های مذکور، کشت مخلوط ارقام کم‌پَر و پُرپَر گل همیشه‌بهار با ماش به‌ترتیب در نسبت‌های 5/12 و 25درصد تراکم مطلوب آن توصیه می‌شود. واژه‌های کلیدی: تراکم مطلوب، رقابت بین‌گونه‌ای، کشت خالص، نسبت برابری زمین، وزن خشک گل}, keywords_fa = {تراکم مطلوب,رقابت بین‌گونه‌ای,کشت خالص,نسبت برابری زمین,وزن خشک گل}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32321.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32321_d4d09026245e5c61b7711f710caeb3d5.pdf} } @article { author = {jamshidi, morteza and Danesh-Shahraki, Abdolrazagh and Hashemi-Jazi, Seyed Mojtaba}, title = {Effect of foliar application of Manganese and Zinc on grain yield and yield components of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought conditions}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {164-174}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.45921}, abstract = {Introduction Grain legumes are considered as the second source of human nutrition after cereals and play an important role in community food supply, sustainable agriculture and economic profitability. Among grain legumes, common bean has the most consumption in the world compared with others. However there are always some constraints in common bean production and drought is most important factor in yield reduction of this crop. In addition high sensitivity of common bean to some micronutrients shortage such as manganese and zinc is another limiting factor that will be exacerbated in drought conditions. In such situation foliar application could be considered as a suitable strategy to facilitate the absorption of these micronutrients by plant. Materials and Methods In order to study the effect of foliar application of manganese and zinc on grain yield and yield components of Red Bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in drought conditions the experiment was carried out at research station of agriculture and natural resources research center of ShahreKord as a split plot factorial design in basis randomized complete block with three replications. Drought stress considered as main factor including S1, S2 and S3 (irrigation after 50, 70 and 90 mm of cumulative evaporation from Class A pan respectively) and subplots were the factorial combination of Manganese and zinc foliar application both with three levels including foliar application of distilled water, 150 ppm and 300 ppm from manganese sulfate and zinc sulfate resources respectively. Sowing date was May 27, 2010 and each experimental plot was included of 4 rows with 50 cm apart and 4 m long. Between main plots a m-2 wide strip was left bare to eliminate influences of lateral water movement. According to soil test 100 kg.ha-1 N was used in the form of urea (50 kg.ha-1 N before sowing and 50 kg.ha-1 N before flowering) by hand broadcasting method. Irrigation was done every 5 days and Drought stress treatments along with foliar application treatments were applied at V 4 (Third trifoliate leaf appearance) crop growth stage. During the growth season, weeds and pests were controlled. At the harvesting time (15th to 26th September) 1 square meter of each plot in different treatments was harvested and grain yield, number of pod per plant, number of seed per pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield and harvest index were investigated.Data analysis performed by SAS software and mean comparisons were done using the least significant difference test at 5% probability by MSTAT-C software. Results and Discussion The results showed that drought had a significant effect on all investigated traits and the highest values of pod number per plant (14.2), grain yield (3172.4 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (9124.1 kg.ha-1) were related to S1 treatment, whereas the highest values of seed number per pod (4.7), 100 seed weight (26 gr) and harvest index (36.4) were obtained in S2 treatment. The lowest values of all traits were observed in S3 treatment, so that pod number per plant (5), seed number per pod (3.6), 100 seed weight (21.4 gr), grain yield (774.5 kg.ha-1), biological yield (5451.7 kg.ha-1) and harvest index (13.6) decreased by 64.8, 20, 12.6, 75.6, 40.2 and 60.8 percent respectively compared with control. The simple effects of foliar application of Mn and Zn in all investigated traits except harvest index and weight of 100 seed were significant and these traits increased with increasing in application of micronutrients amount. So that grain yield in 300 ppm of Mn and Zn foliar application treatments increased 36.3% and 28.2% respectively compared with control. Investigation of interaction effects of treatments showed that in severe drought stress condition foliar application of Mn had a better effect than Zn on number of pod per plant and grain yield.The positive effects of Mn and Zn micronutrients might be attributed to the favorable influence of them on metabolism and their stimulating effect on photosynthetic pigments and enzyme activity which in turn encourage growth and yield. Conclusion Generally, however foliar application of Mn and Zn caused to grain yield increasing but in drought stress Mn had a better effect in drought impacts alleviation and could be considered as an applied method for yield improvement of common bean in water deficit conditions. Key words: Deficit irrigation, Grain legume, Harvest index, Micronutrients, Plant nutrient management}, keywords = {Deficit irrigation,Grain legume,Harvest index,Micronutrients,Plant nutrient management}, title_fa = {اثرمحلول‌پاشی عناصر منگنز و روی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه لوبیاقرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)تحت شرایط خشکی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور مطالعة اثر محلول‌پاشی عناصر منگنز و روی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد دانه‌ی لوبیاقرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)در شرایط خشکی آزمایشی در مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی شهرکرد به‌صورت اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه‌تکرار اجرا شد. تنش خشکی به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی شامل سه‌سطح S1، S2و S3 (به‌ترتیب آبیاری پس از 50، 70 و 90‌میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشت کلاس A) و فاکتور فرعی شامل ترکیب فاکتوریل محلول‌پاشی عناصر منگنز و روی، هر کدام در سه‌سطح شامل محلول‎پاشی با ‌آب‌مقطر، محلول‌پاشی 5/1 در هزار و محلول‌پاشی 3 در هزار از منابع ‌سولفات‌منگنز و ‌سولفات‌روی بود. نتایج ‌نشان‌داد که تنش خشکی اثر معنی‌داری بر کلیة صفات مورد‌بررسی داشت و بیشترین مقادیر تعداد غلاف در بوته (2/14)، عملکرد دانه (4/3172‌کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (1/9124‌کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار S1بود؛درحالی‌که بیشترین مقادیر تعداد دانه در غلاف (7/4)، وزن صَد‌دانه (۲۶گرم) و شاخص برداشت (4/36) در تیمار S2به‌دست آمد. کمترین مقادیر صفات اندازه‌گیری‌شده در تیمارS3مشاهده شد؛ به‌نحوی‌که تعداد غلاف در بوته (۵)، تعداد دانه در غلاف (6/3)، وزن صَد‌دانه (4/21گرم)، عملکرد دانه (5/774کیلوگرم در هکتار)، عملکرد بیولوژیک (7/5451کیلوگرم در هکتار) و شاخص برداشت (6/13) نسبت به تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 8/64، ۲۰، 6/12، 6/75، 2/40 و 8/60درصد کاهش یافتند. اثر سادة محلول‌پاشی عناصر منگنز و روی نیز در مورد کلیة صفات، به‌جُز شاخص برداشت و وزن دانه معنی‌دار و متناسب با افزایش مصرف عناصر مورد‌بررسی، از روند افزایشی برخوردار بود، به‌نحوی‌که عملکرد دانه در تیمارهای محلول‌پاشی ۳ در هزار منگنز و روی نسبت به تیمار شاهد به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 3/36 و 2/28درصد افزایش یافت. بررسی اثرات متقابل نیز ‌نشان‌داد که در شرایط تنش خشکی محلول‌پاشی منگنز اثر مساعد‌تری نسبت به محلول‌پاشی روی در مورد صفات تعداد غلاف در بوته و عملکرد دانه داشت. به‌طورکلی اگرچه محلول‌پاشی منگنز و روی سبب افزایش عملکرد دانه‌ گردید، اما در شرایط تنش خشکی، محلول‌پاشی منگنز تأثیر بهتری در تخفیف اثرات سوء تنش خشکی داشت. واژه‌های کلیدی: تغذیة گیاه، حبوبات، شاخص برداشت، عناصر کم‌مصرف، کم‌آبیاری}, keywords_fa = {تغذیة گیاه,حبوبات,شاخص برداشت,عناصر کم‌مصرف,کم‌آبیاری}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32341.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32341_a677888084f76bfb7d8f4be168d11a3f.pdf} } @article { author = {Beheshti, Sedighe and Tadayyon, Ali and Fallah, Seyfollah}, title = {Effect of Humic acid on the yield and yield components of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) under drought stress conditions}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {175-187}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.46533}, abstract = {Introduction Drought stress is one of the most yield reduction factor of lima bean where effects on the more than 60% of bean world production. In this regard, solutions that help increase productivity with high water efficiency in this region can change the agricultural crop production. One of the solutions is using organic materials (acid humic). Humic acid with linkage of water molecules and folic acid and penetration into plant tissues link to water molecules reduce evaporation and transpiration and finally helps inner plant water. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effects of humic acid on yield and yield components of lima bean under water stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as split plot arrangement in RCBD design with three replications at the Research Station of Shahrekord University in year 1994. Main factors include four treatments of water deficit (irrigation after 50, 70, 90 and 110 mm evaporation from evaporate pan of class A) and sub factor include four levels of humic acid (0, 1, 3, and 6 lit/ha). For this purpose, a semi-deep plowing in the spring then by the two vertical discs were leveling land and finally by furrower created 80 cm row width. Lima bean seeds were prepared by Pars Khomein Company. Seeds were planted in the wet soil. In this way, sterilized seeds were planted in both side of 80 cm width row with 20 cm row plant space in depth of 5 cm at plots area of 3×4 m2. During the plant growth period, the plots were irrigated by furrow irrigation, hand weeding were applied through the experiment. Chemical fertilizers were applied based on the soil test analysis and plant requirements. After achieving the desired density and complete plant establishment, where the plants had two stem nodes, irrigation treatment were applied as cumulative evaporation from class A evaporation pan, and this trend continued until harvest. Humic acid used in the composition of the liquid phase include 12% of humic acid, 3% of folic acid and 3% of potassium oxide. The recommended concentration of humic acid (1, 3, and 6 lit/ha) before flowering was applied two times within two weeks. Plants were harvested when the pods reach 80 to 90% maturity. After harvesting the plants for measurements number of pods per plant, length, width and weight of pods, number of seeds per pod, 100 seeds weight, seed yield and harvest index were transported to the laboratory. Data traits were analyzed by SAS 9, mean comparison of treatments using the least significant difference (LSD) at 5% by MSTAT-C were evaluated. Excel was used to plot the graphs. Results and Discussion The results showed that the humic acid in drought conditions increased yield of pods per plant, 100 seeds weight, grain yield and harvest index was followed. In this experiment, as the width of the seed was not influenced by drought stress and humic acid. Traits of pod weight and seeds number per pod were only affected by drought stress and pod length significantly affected by drought stress and humic acid was used. Drought stress by drying pollen grains, reducing the duration of flowering and young pods loss reduced pod per plant. The current decrease in photosynthesis leads to founder grains shrink and ultimately decreased 100 seeds weight under drought stress. Humic acid appears to increase plant photosynthesis activity as increased enzyme activity of Rubiscoand to improve production of sugar, protein and vitamins in plant and has a positive effect on the various aspects of photosynthesis, seed storage compounds increased. In general, many of the economical yield of a plant, is the result of the growth process that occurs during growth and development. Drought stress can affect performance by influencing these yield processes. The yield was decreased due to stress, so that the performance of the plants in drought stress levels were less than optimum irrigation. Humic acid increased cell membrane permeability, thereby facilitating the entry of potassium, resulting in increased pressure moved into the cell and cell division. On the other hand, increasing energy inside cells leads to the production of chlorophyll and photosynthesis rate. Followed by an important factor in the growth of the nitrogen uptake into cells is developed resonance and finally, the effects of nitrate production decreases, which leads to the increased production. Reduced harvest index in drought stress treatment may be due to reduction of photosynthetic level, reduced photosynthesis remobilization in grain filling stage and more sensitive of vegetative growth compared to vegetative growth to the adverse conditions. Conclusion A total of 6 liters per hectare application of humic acid under drought stress and moderate stress (irrigation after 70 mm evaporation) is recommended. Because under stress condition, caused the highest yield. Therefore, usage of organic materials in arid and semi-arid areas to fight drought stress and in order to deal with drought stress is recommended for sustainable agriculture. Key words: Foliar application, Lima bean, Organic matter, Water deficit}, keywords = {Foliar application,Lima bean,Organic matter,Water deficit}, title_fa = {اثر سطوح اسید هیومیک بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیا لیما (Phaseolus lunatus L.) در شرایط تنش خشکی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف تنش خشکی و محلول‌پاشی اسید ‌هیومیک بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیا لیما آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های خُرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه‌تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه شهرکرد در سال زراعی 93-1392 اجرا شد. فاکتور اصلی شامل چهارسطح مختلف تنش خشکی (50، 70، 90 و 110‌ میلی‌متر تبخیر از تشتک‌تبخیر کلاس A) و فاکتور فرعی شامل محلول‌پاشی چهارسطح اسید‌ هیومیک (صفر، 1، 3 و 6‌ لیتر در هکتار) بود. در این آزمایش صفات تعداد غلاف در بوته، طول، عرض و وزن غلاف، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن صد‌دانه، عملکرد دانه و شاخص برداشت مورد‌بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان‌داد تنش خشکی باعث کاهش معنی‌دار همة صفات مورد‌بررسی به‌جُز عرض غلاف گردید. اسید هیومیک نیز باعث افزایش معنی‌دار تعداد غلاف، طول غلاف، وزن صد‌دانه، عملکرد و شاخص‌ برداشت گردید؛ درحالی‌که بر عرض و وزن غلاف و تعداد دانه در غلاف تأثیر معنی‌داری نداشت. اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و محلول‌پاشی اسید‌ هیومیک بر تعداد غلاف، وزن صد‌دانه، عملکرد و شاخص برداشت معنی‌دار بود، ولی در سایر صفات تفاوت معنی‌داری ایجاد نکرد. استفاده از اسید هیومیک در شرایط تنش خشکی (70میلی‌متر تبخیر) در نهایت باعث افزایش عملکرد (46‌درصد) و شاخص برداشت (18درصد) گردید. این افزایش برآیند افزایش تعداد غلاف (متعاقباً افزایش تعداد دانه در بوته) و وزن دانه‌هاست که از مهم‌ترین صفات مورد‌توجه در گیاهان دانه‌ای محسوب می‌شوند. واژه‌های کلیدی: شاخص برداشت، کم‌آبیاری، محلول‌پاشی، مواد آلی}, keywords_fa = {شاخص برداشت,کم‌آبیاری,محلول‌پاشی,مواد آلی}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32369.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32369_e1f98c9fa63739daed4bad31c257dac7.pdf} } @article { author = {edalat, mohsen and Kamali, Maryam and Kazemeini, Seyed Abdolreza and Heidari, Bahram}, title = {Effects of weed interference, sowing date and method on growth, yield and yield components of Red Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {188-201}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.46993}, abstract = {Introduction Red beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with 22-25 % protein and 50-60 % carbohydrates are one of the most important legumes in the world, particularly in some developing countries. It is one of the major sources of vegetable protein. With regard to increasing population and increasing the need of protein, the use of plant resources like red bean with a large amount of protein is growing. Modern agriculture is highly dependent on the use of herbicides. Due to increase in the number of herbicide-resistant weeds and environmental concerns, there have been considerable efforts in designing alternative weed management strategies. Although the use of herbicides is the most popular method for weed control, but the use of integrated weed management (considering other methods like conservation tillage, sowing date and method) as an ecological strategy provides a suitable method to reduce herbicides and as a result, to increase the competitiveness of crops and inhibit weed growth. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of weed interference, sowing date and method on growth, yield, and yield components of red bean (var. Akhtar). Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted in 2014 at the research field of College of Agriculture (Badjgah region), Shiraz University, Iran, NE (lat 29. 40˚ N, long 52.25˚ W). The soil of research area was clay with pH of 6.92. The experiment was carried out in split-split plot arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included two levels of sowing method (single-row and double-row) and three sowing dates (15 May, 1 June, and 18 June) which were performed in weedy and weed-free conditions. Studied features were included leaf area at flowering stage, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, 100-seed weight, pod length, pod weight, number of branches, biological yield, and seed yield. Analysis of variance of the data, correlation, stepwise regression analysis and path analysis was carried out using SAS (2002) software. Duncan´s test was applied to compare means at 5% probability level. Excel (2007) software was used to draw figures. Results and Discussion The results showed that dry weight of both broad-leaf and grass weeds in single-row sowing method was higher than double-row. According to previous researches, competitiveness of weeds at single-row planting pattern was higher than double-row planting method and double-row planting method due to better weed overlap with the closure of the canopy and better competition with crops could control weeds. Weed density and dry weight on 18 June were less than 15 May, and 1 June. The results of the influence of planting date and weed interference on sweet corn growth and development Sweet corn was suggested high weed biomass early, which reflected resource availability to the weed community, but low weed biomass late could be the result of a more suppressive crop, lower weed growth rate, or a combination of the two factors. The effect of sowing method was not significant on all traits except for weed dry weight. Also, the effect of sowing date was significant on all traits except for 100-seed weight and number of branches. All the traits on 15 May and 1 June were higher than 18 June. The results of path analysis showed that number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight and biological yield had the highest direct effect on grain yield. According to the results of this experiment, 1June and 15 May sowing date had no significant difference with each other, so these sowing dates could be offered as appropriate sowing dates for red bean in Badjgah region. It should be mentioned that, the Agrotis segetum and Tetranychus urticae activities were higher in early and late season, respectively, and also, density and dry matter of broadleaf weeds were higher on 15 May sowing date (data not shown). Conclusion Generally, with regard to importance of sowing date and method to enhance the red beans yield, suitable weed control, sowing on 1 June with double-row sowing method can be recommended specially for Badjgah region. Key words: Path analysis, Red bean, Sowing date, Sowing method}, keywords = {Path analysis,Red bean,Sowing date,Sowing method}, title_fa = {اثر تداخل علف‌های‌هرز، تاریخ کاشت و روش کاشت بر رشد، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیاقرمز (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور ارزیابی تداخل علف‌های‌هرز، تاریخ کاشت و روش کاشت بر رشد، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد لوبیاقرمز رقم اختر، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت‌های دوبارخُرد‌شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه‌تکرار در سال 1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز انجام شد. کرت‌های اصلی، فرعی و فرعی‌فرعی به‌ترتیب شامل روش کاشت در دو سطح (یک‌ردیفه و دوردیفه) که در دو حالت عدم کنترل و کنترل علف‌های‌هرز در سه تاریخ کاشت (25‌اردیبهشت، 11‌خرداد و 28‌خرداد) انجام شد. ویژگی‌های مورد‌مطالعه شامل تعداد غلاف در بوته، تعداد دانه در غلاف، وزن ‌صد‌دانه، طول غلاف، وزن غلاف، تعداد شاخه فرعی، سطح برگ، عملکرد بیولوژیک و عملکرد دانه بودند. نتایج نشان‌داد که وزن خشک علف‌های‌هرز پهن‌برگ در روش کاشت یک‌ردیفه (76/548‌گرم برمترمربع) به‌طور معنی‌داری بیشتر از روش کاشت دو‌ردیفه (1/183‌گرم برمترمربع) بود، ولی سایر صفات اندازه‌گیری‌شده تحت تأثیر روش کاشت قرار نگرفت. تاریخ کاشت 25‌اردیبهشت و 11‌خرداد در بسیاری از صفات اندازه‌گیری‌شده اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشتند؛ اما در مقایسه با تاریخ کاشت 28‌خرداد برتری داشتند. بر اساس نتایج تجزیه علیّت، تعداد غلاف در بوته، وزن صد‌دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک بیشترین اثر مستقیم را بر عملکرد دانه داشتند. به‌طور‌کلی، تاریخ کاشت 11‌خرداد با روش کاشت دو‌ردیفه می‌تواند در منطقه باجگاه شیراز پیشنهاد شود. واژه‌های کلیدی: تاریخ کاشت، تجزیه علیّت، روش کاشت، لوبیا}, keywords_fa = {تاریخ کاشت,تجزیه علیّت,روش کاشت,لوبیا}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32398.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32398_f870eabc43daf615a3f141977dba5258.pdf} } @article { author = {Ahmadpour, Raheleh and Armand, Nezam and Hosseinzadeh, Saeed reza and Rejeh, Mehdi}, title = {Evaluation of foliar application of Methanol effects on some morphological, physiological and biochemical indices of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under water deficit stress}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {202-214}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.47507}, abstract = {Introduction Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a good source of protein, carbohydrates as well as minerals, vitamins and unsaturated fatty acids as such it plays an important role in the human diet and cultivated worldwide. Water shortage is one of the most important abiotic factors that can limit morphological, physiological, yield, and plant distribution. Legumes such as lentil are highly sensitive to water stress. According to references, increasing the concentration of CO2 can neutralize the effects of water stress on plants. One of the ways for increasing the concentration of CO2 in plants is using compounds such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and the glycine amino acids, glutamate and aspartate. Methanol is oxidized to formaldehyde and CO2, and further synthesized into sugars and amino acids, including serine and methionine, in tissues of various C3 plants. In plants, methanol can arise from a number of sources; for example, from pectin de-methylation in cell walls, protein repair pathways and lignin degradation. Metabolism of methanol is less understood in plants. The identity of enzymes that oxidize methanol to formate in plants is unclear yet. However, positive growth effects of methanol have been reported earlier in a variety of C3 plants like wheat, barley, mung bean, chickpea, bean, tomato and cotton. Research has shown that plants respond to water deficit stress by accumulations of soluble materials in cells. Most compatible compounds contain soluble proteins, sorbitol, organic acids, proline content and ions such as K and Ca. K deficiency in plants leads to reduced Rubisco activity, stomatal conductance and an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which ultimately reduces photosynthesis. As water stress is one of the major problems for production in the agricultural in Iran. The aims of this study were to determine: (1) whether foliar application of methanol can be improve the negative effects of water deficit stress in lentil and (2) determine the most effective methanol concentration for foliar application. Materials and Methods To evaluate the effects of foliar application of methanol and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of lentil, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was performed. The treatments included methanol solution at four levels (0, 10, 20 and 30% v/v) and water stress included severe water stress (25% of field capacity), moderate water stress (75% of field capacity) and non-stress (100% of field capacity). Lentil seeds (Ghachsaran cultivar) were sown in a standard petri dish in a germinator chamber. When the seedlings reached a height of 5 cm, they were transplanted at a rate of three seedlings per pot and the pots were placed in a growth chamber. The foliar application of methanol was applied at three times during growth season of lentil, with 10 days intervals. The first foliar application of methanol was performed in early seedling stage (4 weeks after planting). Second and third methanol applications were given ten days after first application in flowering and podding stages, respectively. Measurements were taken for the morpho-physiological traits were: plant height, number of leaves, number of pods, leaf area, shoot and leaf dry weights, relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI) and nutrient concentration of leave (Na,K and Ca). Biochemical traits such as proline content, soluble proteins and antioxidant enzyme activity were measured. Results and Discussion All of the morphological traits were mainly affected by severe water stress. Under non-stress and moderate water stress, methanol treatments had significantly increasing of the morphological traits. Methanol treatments induced a significant increase in MSI and RWC comparing with control under all of water stress treatments. Methanol treatments increased proline content and total soluble protein under severe and moderate water stress comparing with control treatments. Foliar application of methanol had no significant effects on concentration of elements (Na, K and Ca) in leaf and also in antioxidant enzyme activity. Plants are easily able to absorb methanol sprayed on leaves then used by the plant as a source of carbon. In comparison with CO2, methanol is formed of relatively smaller molecules and it is more easily absorbed and used by plants. Therefore, as a carbon source, methanol can play a role in developing CO2 assimilation and net-photosynthesis. An investigation on flax, reported that spraying a solution of methanol might have stimulated growth and increased height in the treated plants by increasing cytokinin levels and cell division. Coexisting bacteria like methylotrophic live on the leaves of most crops; these bacteria, for receiving methanol that gets out of the plant's leaf, give the construction precursor of some hormones like auxin, cytokinin to the plant in order to accelerate the growth and physiological process. Reports have mentioned that application of methanol on aerial parts of cultivated plants led to a significant increase in the morpho-physiological traits, acceleration of ripeness, reduced effect of water deficit stress and reduced water requirement. Conclusion Results of this research indicated that application of methanol has significantly increasing in the lentil morpho-physiological traits, proline content and leaf soluble protein under moderate and severe stress. Concentrations of leaf elements such as K, Ca and Na and antioxidant enzymes activity were not affected by methanol foliar application. Methanol application at 25% (volumetric percentage) were effective than the other treatments. According to the results, using of methanol is recomended to reduce the negative effects of water deficit stress in lentil plant. Key words: Antioxidant activity, Drought stress, Legumes, Morpho-physiological traits}, keywords = {Antioxidant activity,Drought stress,Legumes,Morpho-physiological traits}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تأثیر محلول‌پاشی متانول بر برخی شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشیمیایی عدس (Lens culinaris Medik) تحت شرایط تنش کم‌آبی}, abstract_fa = {متانول نقش مؤثری در کاهش اثرات منفی تنش کم‌آبی در گیاهان سه‌کربنه دارد. در این راستا مطالعه‌ای با هدف اثر محلول‌پاشی متانول بر شاخص‌های مورفولوژیکی، فیزیولوژیکی و بیوشمیایی گیاه عدس (رقم گچساران) به‌منظور بهبود اثرات تنش کم‌آبی در دانشگاه صنعتی خاتم‌الانبیاء بهبهان در سال 1393 انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با سه‌تکرار در شرایط گلخانه‌ای انجام شد. دو عامل مورد آزمایش عبارت بودند از: تنش کم‌آبی شامل تنش شدید (25‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، تنش ملایم (50‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و بدون تنش (100‌درصد ظرفیت زراعی) و محلول‌پاشی متانول با چهار سطح، شاهد، 20، 25 و 30‌درصد حجمی. محلول‌پاشی متانول سه‌بار طی فصل رشد گیاه (گیاهچه‌ای، گلدهی و غلاف‌دهی) و با فواصل 10‌روز صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان‌داد که استفاده از متانول در شرایط بدون تنش و تنش ملایم منجر‌ به افزایش معنی‌دار صفات مورفولوژیکی شد. تحت شرایط تنش کم‌آبی شدید، متانول فقط در افزایش معنی‌دار ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشک اندام هوایی و سطح برگ نقش داشت. بررسی صفات فیزیولوژیکی نشان‌داد که متانول بر غلظت عناصر برگی (سدیم، پتاسیم و کلسیم) تأثیر معنی‌‌داری نداشت، اما در تمامی سطوح تنش کم‌آبی منجر به افزایش معنی‌دار محتوای نسبی آب و پایداری غشای سلول شد. در مورد صفات بیوشیمیایی، نتایج نشان‌داد که کاربرد متانول تأثیر معنی‌‌داری بر فعالیت آنزیم‌های آنتی‌اکسیدانت برگی نداشت، اما تحت شرایط تنش ملایم و شدید، محتوای پروتئین و پرولین را افزایش داد. با توجه به‌ نتایج این مطالعه، استفاده از متانول به‌صورت محلول پاشی برگی در جهت کاهش اثرات منفی تنش کمبود آب در گیاه عدس توصیه می‌شود. واژه‌های کلیدی: تنش خشکی، حبوبات، فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانتی، صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی}, keywords_fa = {تنش خشکی,حبوبات,فعالیت آنتی‌اکسیدانتی,صفات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32465.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32465_c37feaf05e5c950334b83833823cf0d3.pdf} } @article { author = {zaker tavallaie, Fatemeh and Ghareyazie, Behzad and Bagheri, Abdorreza and Sharma, Kiran Komar}, title = {Genetic transformation of Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) and production of transgenic fertile plants}, journal = {Iranian Journal Pulses Research}, volume = {7}, number = {2}, pages = {215-229}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2980-793X}, eissn = {2783-5367}, doi = {10.22067/ijpr.v7i2.53151}, abstract = {Introduction Lentil is an important pulse crop in Iran. Lentil is a seed propagating, self-pollinating crop originating from Near East. It is containing 27.5% -31.75% protein and it has high level of iron, calcium, phosphor, thiamin, niacin, and some unusual amino acid as hydroxyarnitin, hydroxyarginin and homo arginin. FAOSTAT reported that the world production of lentils was 4,975,621 metric tons in 2013. Major producing countries are India, Australia, Canada and Turkey. According to Iranian agricultural statistic (2014), area of pulses cultivation estimated 770000 hectares and its 20.2% belong to Lentil. Important abiotic stresses that affect lentil are cold, freezing, drought, heat and salinity. Highland and cold temperatures areas are the main producer in Iran and production of lentil in these areasis limited. So we need tolerant cultivars against cold and freezing stresses for sowing during autumn.Glycine betaine (GB) accumulates in some plants under abiotic stress such as cold. GB stabilizes the structures and activities of enzymes and protein complexes and maintains the integrity of membranes against the damaging effects of excessive salt, cold, heat and freezing. The codA gene from Arthrobacter globiformis bacteria encodes choline oxidase enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of glycine betaine from choline. The efficiency of biotechnology techniques, especially tissue culture and gene transformation is noticeable in this aspect. The objective of this research is gene transformation of lentil using codA gene to enhance its tolerance against abiotic stress especially cold tolerance. Materials and Methods Seeds of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) variety of Gachsaran (ILL6212) collected from Shiravan Agriculture Research center in Iran were used in this investigation. Gene transformation of lentil was done using pChlCOD plasmid. This plasmid is containing codA gene.Gene transformation was done by Agrobacterium tumefaciens using Cotyledon with slight part of Embryo Axes explant after shooting for cu-cultivation. Co-cultivation and following selection and regeneration was done according to Zaker Tavallaieet al, (2011) protocol. The plasmid was containing one intron of rice that it eliminated before cu-cultivation. Three weeks after transferring seedling to glasshouse DNA was extracted from leaves samples using modified CTAB protocol. Existence of codA gene was investigated by PCR reaction using codA-4 and codA-5 primers. Putative transgenic plants were verified by dot blotting also. To determine integration of the gene into transgenic lentil southern blotting also was done. RT-PCR after RNA extraction from leaves sample from mature plants was done to investigate transcription of codA gene. We collected some seeds from putative transgenic plants and after cultivation in glasshouse T1 plants were obtained. PCR, RT-PCR experiments on investigate existence of codA gene and dot blotting was done on T1 transgenic plant. Results and Discussion The existence of codA gene into T0 putative transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR and dot blotting.Integration of codA gene into genome was revealed by Southern blotting and transcription of the gene confirmed by RT-PCR assay, respectively. The existence of gene into T1 plants and its transcription was also confirmed using PCR and RT-PCR. Considering the availability transgenic seeds, it is possible to perform further bioassay experiments regarding to enhancement of tolerance of transgenic plants against abiotic stress especially cold stress. Conclusion Gene transformation of lentil by Agrobacterium using codA gene was achieved successfully. After co-cultivation, regeneration of transgenic shoots including shoot induction, shoot elongation, root induction, hardening and growth in glasshouse to rich to mature plants was done successfully according to Zaker Tavallaie et al, (2011) protocol. Hygromycine was used as selection agent in selection media. T0 transgenic plants verified using PCR, Dot blotting, Southern blotting and RT-PCR. T1 transgenic plants also confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR. It is necessary to achieve all bio assays about tolerance of transgenic plants against abiotic stress. Also we will investigate inheritance of treat in following generation of T1 plants. Also we will do other necessary investigation such as biosafety experiments. We hope the transgenic plants will be tolerant against abiotic stresses such as cold and freezing. Key words: CodA gene, Lentil (Lens culinarisM.), Regeneration, Transgenic plants}, keywords = {CodA gene,Lentil (Lens culinarisM.),Regeneration,Transgenic plants}, title_fa = {انتقال ژن codAبه عدس ((Lens culinarisM. و تولید گیاهان تراریختهT1}, abstract_fa = {عدس از جمله حبوبات مهم در ایران است که با‌ توجه به ‌وقوع تنش‌های مختلف در مناطق موردکشت‌، اصلاح آن جهت افزایش تحمل به تنش‌های محیطی و از جمله تنش های غیرزیستی نظیر سرما و یخ‌زدگی اهمیت زیادی دارد. این پژوهش با‌ هدف انتقال ژن codA به ‌عدس، به‌منظور افزایش تحمل گیاه به تنش های غیرزیستی از جمله سرما انجام‌ شد. اثر مثبت انتقال این ژن، افزایش تحمل به‌ تنش سرما، قبلاً در برخی از گیاهان دیگر نظیرآرابیدوپسیس و برنج گزارش ‌شده‌ است. در مطالعات ‌قبلی نگارنده، بهینه‌سازی، باززایی و انتقال ژن به عدس انجام ‌گرفته‌است. در این‌مطالعه با‌استفاده از یافته‌های دو مطالعه‌ی قبلی، ژن codA با هدف افزایش تحمل به تنش‌های غیرزیستی، به‌ویژه سرما، به عدس منتقل ‌شد. حضور ژن‌ codA در گیاهان تراریخته T0 با‌استفاده از PCR و همچنین تلفیق ژن در ژنوم نیز با‌استفاده از دات‌بلاتینگ و سادرن‌بلاتینگ تأیید‌شد. رونویسی از ژن نیز با کمک تکنیک RT-PCR تأیید‌گردید. پس از حصول گیاهان T1، تراریخته‌بودن آن‌ها نیز با‌استفاده از PCR و RT-PCR موردتأیید قرار‌گرفت. واژه‌های کلیدی: باززایی، تراریخته، ژن codA، عدس ((Lens culinaris M.}, keywords_fa = {باززایی,تراریخته,ژن codA,عدس ((Lens culinaris M}, url = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32494.html}, eprint = {https://ijpr.um.ac.ir/article_32494_bfb7fbbfbbb902e6b6dc0ee0ef95eea3.pdf} }