ارزیابی رقابت بین گیاه زراعی ماش (Vigna radiata) و علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره (Chenopodium album) تحت تأثیر گرد و خاک

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی رقابت بین ماش (Vigna radiata) و سلمه‌تره (Chenopodium album) تحت تأثیر گرد و خاک، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام در بهار سال 1401 انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل گرد و خاک در دو سطح (صفر و 60 گرم گرد و خاک در مترمکعب هوا) و الگوی کاشت جایگزینی در پنج سطح (تک‌کشتی ماش و سلمه‌تره، کشت مخلوط جایگزینی 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره، 50 درصد ماش + 50 درصد سلمه‌تره و 25 درصد ماش + 75 درصد سلمه‌تره) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل پارامترهای فتوسنتزی، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه ماش و وزن گل‌آذین سلمه‌تره بودند. نتایج نشان داد که گرد و خاک تأثیری بر خصوصیات مورفو- فیزیولوژیکی علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره نداشت. گرد و خاک سرعت فتوسنتز، مقدار رطوبت نسبی برگ، سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ماش را به‌ترتیب 1/26، 7/9، 6/10، 3/19، 8/14، 24 و 2/23 درصد کاهش داد. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل برگ ماش (65/4 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ) در الگوهای کاشت 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره و کشت خالص ماش تحت شرایط بدون گرد و خاک به‌دست آمد. بیشترین سرعت فتوسنتز، سرعت تعرق، سطح برگ و تعداد غلاف در بوته ماش در کشت خالص و الگوی کاشت 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره مشاهده شد. تحت هر دو شرایط گرد و خاک در همه الگوهای کاشت، عملکرد واقعی ماش کمتر از عملکرد مورد انتظار بود و منحنی تغییرات عملکرد ماش به‌صورت مقعر بود؛ امّا عملکرد واقعی سلمه‌تره بیشتر از عملکرد مورد انتظار بود و منحنی به‌صورت محدب و نشان‌دهنده روابط سودبری یک‌جانبه برای سلمه‌تره و زیانبری یک‌جانبه برای ماش بود. ضریب تراکم نسبى و نسبت رقابت تحت هر دو شرایط گرد و خاک در الگوهای مختلف کاشت برای علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره بیشتر از یک به‌دست آمد؛ که نشان‌دهنده برتری قدرت رقابتی سلمه‌‍‌تره در مقایسه با ماش است. شاخص غالبیت سلمه‌تره تحت شرایط گرد و خاک بیشتر از شرایط بدون گرد و خاک است که نشان می‌دهد، تحت شرایط تنش‌های محیطی از جمله گرد و خاک، علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره از قدرت رقابتی بیشتری برخوردار است؛ بنابراین کنترل و مدیریت علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره در گیاهان زراعی به‌ویژه ماش تحت شرایط گرد و خاک بسیار حائز اهمیت است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessment of Competition between Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) under Soil Dust Condition

نویسندگان [English]

  • Faridah Shdivand
  • Alireza Taab
  • Ekhlas Amini
  • Somayeh Hajinia
, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran,
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Dust storms are meteorological phenomena that usually occur in arid and semi-arid regions with an annual rainfall of less than 200 to 250 mm when strong winds blow with a high speed. Dust particles affect plants growth and development directly by depositing in shoot or indirectly by changing soil chemical properties (Maletsika et al., 2015). The interference of weeds with the mungbean (Vigna radiate) plant is one of the important factors limiting the production capacity of this crop, which leads to a decrease in yield and an increase in production costs. The competition between crops and weeds becomes more complicated when coincide with environmental stresses like soil dust. Compared to crops, weeds are more resistant to environmental stresses and have a high capacity to absorb more water and nutrients. The aim of this research was to evaluate the competitive balance between lambsquarters and mungbean under soil dust conditions in order to manage production of this crop with lambsquarters under soil dust conditions.
 
Materials and Methods
The pot experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Ilam University, Iran in spring of 2022. The experiment was conducted as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments were included soil dust at two levels (0 and 60 g dust.m-3 of air) and replacement planting pattern at five levels (mungbean monoculture, lambsquarters monoculture, alternative intercropping of 75% mungbean + 25% lambsquarters, 50% mungbean + 50% lambsquarters and 25% mungbean + 75% lambsquarters). Totally, four plants per pots were sown. The measured traits were included physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf area, plant height, stem diameter, biological yield and grain yield components of mungbean and inflorescence yield of lambsquarters.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that soil dust has no significant effect on the morpho-physiological characteristics of lambsquarters weed, while it decreased the photosynthesis rate, leaf relative water content, leaf area, plant height, number of pods per plant, biological yield and grain yield of mungbean by 26.1, 9.7, 10.6, 19.3, 14.8, 24 and 23.2%, respectively. The highest amount of chlorophyll in mungbean leaves (4.65 mg g-1 fresh weight of leaves) was obtained in the intercropping patterns of 75% mungbean + 25% lambsquarters and monoculture of mungbean under no dust conditions. The highest photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, leaf area and number of pods in mungbean plant were observed in monoculture and planting pattern of 75% mungbean + 25% lambsquarters. The highest seeds number per plant (10.4 and 10.1) was observed in monoculture of mungbean and planting pattern of 75% mungbean + 25% lambsquarters under the no dust condition, which was 30.5 and 65.8 percent higher compared to dust treatment, respectively. The lowest seed number per plant (3.3) was obtained in 25% mungbean + 75% lambsquarters. Under both dust and no dust conditions in all plant patterns, the actual mungbean seed yield was lower than the expected yield and the changes in curve of mungbean yield was concave; but the actual yield of lambsquarters was more than the expected lambsquarters inflorescence yield, and the curve was convex suggesting a commensalism relationship for lambsquarters and amensalism relationship for mungbean. The relative crowding coefficient and the competition ratio under both conditions of dust and in different planting patterns were obtained for lambsquarters weed, were greater than one, which indicates the superiority of lambsquarters competitive ability compared to mungbean. The aggressivity index of lambsquarters under dusty conditions was higher than under dust-free conditions, which shows that lambsquarters weed has more competitive capacity under environmental stress conditions including soil dust. The results also showed that the mungbean plant has a greater potential to absorb dust than the lambsquarters weed, which is due to the presence of trichome in mungbean leaves surface. In general, in this experiment the lambsquarters dominated the mungbean plant in competition for water and nutritional resources and had better growth compared to mungbean in different planting patterns.
 
Conclusion
In the presence of dust, lambsquarters weed may have higher efficiency to use environmental resources due to its higher adaptability compared to the mungbean and causes decreasing in the yield of crop plants including mungbean. The interactive effect of dust and the interference from lambsquarters caused a significant decrease in mungbean yield. Therefore, the management of lambsquarters under dusty conditions is of important value.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Competitive indices
  • Dust
  • Photosynthesis rate
  • Planting pattern
  • Relative yield

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

مراجع

Abbasnasab, Z., Abedi, M., & Sadati, S.A. (2019). Effects of dust on some morphological and physiological parameters in Bromus tomentellus and Medicago sativa. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 26(1), 214-225. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijrdr.2019.119338
Abu-Romman, S., & Alzubi, J. (2015). Effects of cement dust on the physiological activities of Arabidopsis thaliana. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 10(4), 157-164. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2015.157.164
Addo, M.A., Darko, E.O., Gordon, C., & Nyarko, B.J.B. (2013). Contamination of soils and loss of productivity of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) caused by cement dust pollution. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment (IJRCE), 3(1), 272-282. http://197.255.68.203/handle/123456789/6265 ‏
Agegnehu, G., Ghizaw, A., & Sinebo, W. (2006). Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and Faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian highlands. European Journal of Agronomy, 25(3), 202-207.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.05.002
Alavi, M., & Karimi, N. (2015). Effect of the simulated dust storm stress on the chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll content, flavonoids and phenol compounds in medicinal plant Thymus vulgaris L. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 4(13), 17-23. (In Persian with English Abstract). http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-185-fa.html
Anyia, A.O., H., & Herzog. (2004). Water use efficiency, leaf area and leaf gas exchange of cowpeas under mid-season drought. European Journal of Agronomy, 20, 327-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00038-8.
Arnon, I. (1975). Physiological principles of dry land crop production. Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. US Gupta, Ed.‏
Asadi-Sabzi, M., Keshtkar, K., & Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2019). Effect of dust on the growth and physiological traits of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum [K. Koch] Thell.) in the greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Weed Science, 15(1), 29-39. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/IJWS.2019.1501.03
Bais, H.P., Epachedu, S.V., Gilroy, M., & Ragan Vivanco, M. (2003). Allelopathy an exotic plant invasion, from molecules and genes to species interactions. Science, 31, 1377-1380. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083245
Banik, P., Midya, A., Sarkar, B.K., & Ghose, S.S. (2006). Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering. Journal of Agronomy, 24(4), 325- 332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2005.10.010
Chaturvedi, R.K., Prasad, S., Rana, S., Obaidullah, S.M., Pandey, V., & Singh, H. (2013). Effect of dust load on the leaf attributes of the tree species growing along the roadside. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(1), 383-391.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2560-x
Chaurasia, S., & Karan, R. (2015). Effect of stone crusher dust pollution on wheat (Triticum sp.) Crop. Internationa Journal of Research and Development Organization, Journal of Biological Science, 1, 22-32. https://doi.org/10.53555/bs.v1i6.2365
Dhima, K.V., Lithourgidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B., & Dordas, C.A. (2007). Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100(2), 249-256.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.008
Eklund, L., Degerald, M., Brandt, M., Prishchepov, A.V., & Pilesjo, P. (2017). How conflict affects land use: agricultural activity in areas seized by the Islamic State. Environmental Research Letters, 12(5), 054004.‏ https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa673a
Fallah Zazuli, M., Vafaeinezhad, A., Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M.M., & Ahmadi Dehka, F. (2014). Monitoring and synoptic analysis of dust haze phenomenon using remote sensing and GIS (Case study: June 18, 2012 Dust haze). Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 23(91), 69-80.‏ (In Persian with English Abstract)
Fateminejhad, P., Lary-Yazdy, H., & Rafiee, M. (2017). Effect of aerosols and drought stresses on some physiological traits of mungbean (Vigna radiata L.). Field Crops Research, 30(2), 19-33. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2018.109025.1109
Felegari, H., Ghobadi, M.E., Ghobadi, M., Jalali-Honarmand, S., & Saeidi, M. (2017). Effect of dust deposition on yield and yield components of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rain fed and supplemental irrigation conditions in Kermanshah. Journal of Agroecology, 9, 535-544. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v9i2.54549
Ghasemi, E., Taab, A., & Radicetti, E. (2020). Study the effect of soil dust on the competitiveness between bean (Phaseolud vulgaris cv. Kosha) and Chenolodium album L. and Echinochloa cruss-galli (L.) P. Beauv. Environmental Sciences, 18(2), 219-236. (In Persian with English Abstract). https://doi.org/10.29252/envs.18.2.219
Gliessman, S.R. (1990). Agroecology: Researching the ecological basis for sustainable agriculture (pp. 3-10). Springer New York.‏
Goudie, A S. (2009). Dust storms: Recent developments. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1), 89-94.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.007
Grace, J.B. (1995). On the measurement of plant competition intendity. Ecology, 76, 305-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/1940651
Grantz, D.A., Garner, J.H.B., & Johnson, D.W. (2003). Ecological effects of particulate matter. Environment International, 29(2), 213-239.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00181-2
Hirano, T., Kiyota, M., & Aiga, I. (1995). Physical effects of dust on leaf physiology of cucumber and kidney bean plants. Environmental Pollution, 89(3), 255-261.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)00075-O
Katiyar, V., & Dubey, P.S. (2000). Growth behaviour of two cultivars of maize in response to SO2 and NO2. Journal of Environmental Biology, 21(4), 317-324.‏
Khattak, G.S., Haq, M.A., Ashraf, M., Khan, A.J., & Zamir, R. (2001). Inheritance of some important agronomic traits in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). Breeding Science, 51(3), 157-161.‏ https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.51.157
Leghari, S.K., Zaid, M.A., Sarangzai, A.M., Faheem, M., & Shawani, G.R. (2014). Effect of road side dust pollution on the growth and total chlorophyll contents in Vitis vinifera L. (grape). African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(11), 1237-1242. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB12.2652
Liu, L., Guan, D., & Peart, M.R. (2012). The morphological structure of leaves and the dust-retaining capability of afforested plants in urban Guangzhou, South China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 19, 3440-3449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-0876-2
Maletsika, P.A., Nanos, G.D., & Stavroulakis, G.G. (2015). Peach leaf responses to soil and cement dust pollution. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(20), 15952-15960.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4821-z
Mead, R., & Willey, R.W. (1980). The concept of a ‘land equivalent ratio’ and advantages in yields from intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010978
Meravi, N., Singh, P.K., & Prajapati, S.K. (2021). Seasonal variation of dust deposition on plant leaves and its impact on various photochemical yields of plants. Environmental Challenges, 4, 100166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100166
Mirshekari, B. (2013). Competition effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) on physiological characteristics and rapeseed yield (Brassica napus cv. Hyolla 401). New Finding in Agriculture, 7(2), 187-197.‏ (In Persian with English Abstract).
Osuagwu, G.G.E., Edeoga, H.O., & Osuagwu, A.N. (2010). The influence of water stress (drought) on the mineral and vitamin potential of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 2(2), 27-33.‏
Padgett, P.E., Dobrowolski, W.M., Arbaugh, M.J., & Eliason, S.A. (2007). Patterns of carbonate dust deposition: Implications for four federally endangered plant species. Madrono, 54(4), 275-285.‏
Parthasarathi, T., Vanitha, K., & Velu, G. (2012). Physiological impacts of soil moisture stress and plant population on leaf gas exchange and radiation use of maize. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 5, 377-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJW.2014.057791.
Pouryousef, M., Javanshir, A., Dabbage Mohammadi Nasab, A., & Hasanzadeh Ghurt Tappe, A. (2009). Interferences of common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. in two planting patterns of corn.‏ Agrioecology Journal, 5(2), 1-12. (In Persian with English Abstract).
Prusty, B.A.K., Mishra, P.C., & Azeez, P.A. (2005). Dust accumulation and leaf pigment content in vegetation near the national highway at Sambalpur, Orissa, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 60(2), 228-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.12.013
Ritchie, S.W., Nguyen, H.T., & Holaday, A.S. (1990). Leaf water content and gas‐exchange parameters of two wheat genotypes differing in drought resistance. Crop Science, 30(1), 105-111.‏ https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000010025x
Sadeghi, L., Rafiee, M., & Daneshian, J. (2021). Effect of drought stress and aerosols on yield and some physiological traits of soybean (Glycine max L.). Journal of Plant Process and Function, 10(41), 263-278. (In Persian with English Abstract). http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-1431-fa.html
Scheepens, P.C., Kempenaar, C., Andreasen, C., Eggers, T.H., & Netland, J. (1997). Biological control of the annual weed Chenopodium album, with emphasis on the application of Ascochyta caulina as a microbial. Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 2, 71-76.‏ https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018484530615
Shah, K., Amin, N.U., Ahmad, I., & Ara, G. (2018). Impact assessment of leaf pigments in selected landscape plants exposed to roadside dust. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 23055-23073.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2309-3
Shahbazi, T., Saiedi, M., Nosratti, I. & Jalali Honarmand, S.J. (2016). Evaluation the effect of airborne dust on physiological characteristics and yield of different wheat varieties (Triticum sp.). Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5, 195-204. (In Persian with English Abstract). http://jispp.iut.ac.ir/article-1-294-en.html
Shanker, A.K., Cervantes, C., Loza-Tavera, H., & Avudainayagam, S. (2005). Chromium toxicity in plants. Environment International, 31(5), 739-753.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2005.02.003
Shurtleff, J.L., & Coble, H.D. (1985). Interference of certain broadleaf weed species in soybeans (Glycine max). Weed Science, 33(5), 654-657.‏ https://doi.org/10.1017/S004317450008303X
Singh, K.N., Bulis, A.S., Shah, M.H., & Khanday, B.A. (1991). Effect of spacing and seed rate on yield of green gram (Vigna radiate L. Wilczek) in Khashmir vally. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science, 61, 326-327.‏
Siqueira-Silva, A.I., Pereira, E.G., Modolo, L.V., & Paiva, E.A.S. (2016a). Leaf structural traits of tropical woody species resistant to cement dust. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(16), 16104-16114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6793-z
Siqueira-Silva, A.I., Pereira, E.G., Modolo, L.V., Lemos-Filho, J.P., & Paiva, E.A.S. (2016b). Impact of cement dust pollution on Cedrela fissilis Vell. (Meliaceae): A potential bioindicator species. Chemosphere, 158, 56-65.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.047
Takashi, H. (1995). Studies on the effects of dust on photosynthesis of plant leaves [In Japanese], laboratory, of environmental control in biology, college of agriculture. Environmental Pollution, 89(3), 255-261.
Ulrichs, C., Welke, B., Mucha-Pelzer, T., Goswami, A., & Mewis, I. (2008). Effect of solid particulate matter deposits on vegetation: A review. Functional Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2(1), 56-62.‏
Victor, R.S. (2016). Dust particles and aerosols: impact on biota “a review” (Part I). Journal of Rangeland Science, 6, 82-91. https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20089996.2016.6.3.10.1
Wei, S., & Zhou, Q.X. (2006). Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soils by Rorippa globosa using two-phase planting (5 pp). Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 13, 151-155.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2005.06.269
Willey, R. (1979). Intercropping-its importance and its research needs. Part I. Competition and yield advantages. In Field Crop Abstracts, 32, 1-10.
Yilmaz, S., Atak, M., & Erayman, M. (2008). Identification of advantages of maize-legume intercropping over solitary cropping through competition indices in the East Mediterranean region. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Forestry, 32, 111-119.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار